What is Science?

1. What is Science?

2. Science & Measurement A. The Nature of Science * 1. Science is the total collection of knowledge gained by man’s observation of the physical universe. 2. Science tries to answer the questions how and what (not why).

3. B. Two main types of science 1. Pure science – attempts to gain new knowledge; discoveries; research. 2. Applied science (technology) is the use of science in practical ways. C. Physical Science 1. Chemistry – study of matter and the changes it undergoes. 2. Physics – study of energy & motion.

12. D. Limitations of Science 1. Cannot make value judgments. 2. Cannot prove a universal negative. 3. It is as limited as our instruments. E. Scientific Statements 1. Facts – observable and indisputable. 2. Data – information gained from experimentation.

13. 3. Laws – statements that describe patterns in nature with no known exceptions. 4. Theories – explanations based on evidence (may be wrong). 5. Models – man-made ideas to help us visualize scientific concepts.

14. Scientific Method • The scientific method is an organized plan for gathering, organizing, and communicating information. • The goal of any scientific method is to solve a problem or to better understand an observed event.

15. F. The Scientific Method 1. Identify the problem (in the form of a question). 2. Gather information by research. 3. Form a hypothesis (an educated guess). 4. Experimentation. 5. Analyze data & make conclusions. 6. Make predictions.

17. Observation • 1. Observation – is information you obtain with your senses. • What do you see? • What do you hear? • What do you smell? • What do you feel? • What do you taste? observation

18. The most direct way to gain knowledge about something in nature is to observe it. Your ability to observe can be extended by using tools such as microscopes, telescopes, thermometers, and rulers. What you see

19. Many times scientists can identify the presence of a chemical, bacteria, or plant by its scent. What you smell

20. Can you identify the smell in the containers?

21. Good Smells

22. Touch and Feel Texture –rough or smooth

23. Taste • Determining concentration through taste

24. Scientist record sounds of animals to determine how species communicate with each other. Sounds What do you hear?

25. Making a Question • After evaluating your observations, ask a question. What do you want to find out? State the problem as a question. Make the question as specific as possible. • Step_One__Ask_a_Question

26. Hypothesis • A hypothesis is a proposed answer to the question you formulated. • A hypothesis is an educated guess at the possible answer to the question. • What do you think is the cause of the problem you are studying? State a logical answer to your question. This answer, which is your hypothesis, should give one possible explanation for the cause. Step_Two__Form_a_Hypothesis

27. Hypothesize

28. Planned Experiment • Scientist perform experiments to test their hypothesis. • An experiment must be accurate and précised in order to be reproducible. • Accuracy – the closeness of a measurement to the true value of what is measured. • Precision – is a gauge of how exact a measurement is. In other words, to you get the same results each time or are the measurement values very close each time you measure.

29. Plan Your Experiment • The goal of an experiment is to test your hypothesis. What is the variable? What will be the control? Write a clear step-by-step procedure so that another person can repeat the same process

30. Components of an Experiment • Variable – in an experiment any factor that can change is called a variable. • Manipulated Variable – the variable that causes a change in another. • Responding Variable – the variable that changes in response to the manipulated variable. • Control Experiment – has two test groups- the control group and the experimental group. The control group is the standard by which any change can be measured.

31. Constant – The factors that are kept the same. Variable – The factor that is changed by the person doing the experiment Investigative tools Vocabulary

32. Researching an Experiment • List the materials necessary to conduct the experiment • Design the steps and procedures for the experiment. • Design how data will be collected.

33. Analyze Data • Evaluate – Do you see any trends or patterns in the data? Do the data support your hypothesis or prediction? Do you need more information? Step_Four__Analyze_the_Results_of_the_Experiment

34. State your conclusion based on your data. Your data should either support your conclusion or lead you to another hypothesis. Have any new questions or problems come up? . Drawing a Conclusion Step_Five__Draw_a_Conclusion

35. Chart

36. Lab Safety

37. 1. Listen to or read instructions carefully before attempting to do anything. 2. Wear safety goggles to protect your eyes from chemicals, heated materials, or things that might be able to shatter. 3. Notify your teacher if any spills or accidents occur. General Safety Rules

38. 4. After handling chemicals, always wash your hands with soap and water. 5. During lab work, keep your hands away from your face. 6. Tie back long hair. General Safety Rules

39. 7. Roll up loose sleeves. 8. Know the location of the fire extinguisher, fire blanket, eyewash station, and first aid kit. 9. Keep your work area uncluttered. Take to the lab station only what is necessary. General Safety Rules

40. 10. It is suggested that you wear glasses rather than contact lenses. 11. Never put anything into your mouth during a lab experiment. 12. Clean up your lab area at the conclusion of the laboratory period. 13. Never “horse around” or play practical jokes in the laboratory. General Safety Rules

41. 1. Wear protective goggles and a lab apron whenever heating or pouring hazardous chemicals. 2. Never mix chemicals together unless you are told to do so (and then only in the manner specified). 3. Never taste any chemicals (you should never taste anything in the lab). Chemical Safety

42. 4. Follow the instructions of your teacher when disposing of all chemicals. 5. Wash your hands after handling hazardous chemicals. Chemical Safety

43. 1. Lay electrical cords where no one can trip on them or get caught in them. 2. Be sure your hands and your lab area are dry before using electrical equipment. 3. Never poke anything into electrical outlets. Electrical Safety

44. Injury: Burns What To Do: Immediately flush with cold water until burning sensation is lessened. First Aid

45. Injury: Cuts, bruises What To Do: Do not touch an open wound without safety gloves. Pressing directly on minor cuts will stop bleeding in a few minutes. Apply cold compress to bruises to reduce swelling. First Aid

46. Injury: Eyes What To Do: Flush eyes immediately with plenty of water For several minutes. If a foreign object is lodged in the eye, do not allow the eye to be rubbed. First Aid

49. H. SI - International System of Units 1. Based on multiples of 10 2. Common metric prefixes: a. mega- (M) 1 000 000 x b. kilo- (k) 1 000 x c. hecto- (h) 100 x d. deka- (da) 10 x e. deci- (d) 0.1 x (1/10) f. centi- (c) 0.01 x (1/100) g. milli- (m) 0.001 x (1/1000) h. micro- (u) 0.000 000 001 x

50. 1 Length The distance from one point to another point. • Measured in meters (usually in centimeters) • Measured with a ruler, meter stick, or measuring tape.