Cash Flows and Other Topics in Capital Budgeting

1. Cash Flows and Other Topics in Capital Budgeting Chapter 10

2. Cash Flows in General Measure Incremental Cash Flows • Measure cash flows that change if a project is undertaken • Sunk cost is irrelevant • Opportunity cost is relevant • Do not include allocation of existing overhead • Do subtract lost sales of other products • Include cost savings as a positive cash flow.

3. Cash Flows in General • New Project vs. Replacement Project • New project – simply addition to company • Replacement – replace and existing old machine or plant. • Financing costs - Interest and Dividend payments. are not considered operating cash flows. Financing cost are used to discount the cash flows to find NPV,etc. • Only include CASH inflows and outflows.

4. 0 1 2 3 N Estimating Cash Flows Three Types of Cash Flows • Initial Outlay Initial Outlay

5. 0 1 2 3 N Estimating Cash Flows Three Types of Cash Flows • Initial Outlay • Operating (Differential) Cash Flows Initial Outlay Operating Cash Flows

6. 0 1 2 3 N Estimating Cash Flows Three Types of Cash Flows • Initial Outlay • Operating (Differential) Cash Flows • Terminal Cash Flow Initial Outlay Terminal Cash Flow Operating Cash Flows

7. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay • Cost of Assets • Installation and Shipping • Non-Expense Outlays (i.e. Working Capital) • Expense Outlays after tax (i.e. Training Expenses)

8. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay • Cost of Assets • Installation and Shipping • Non-Expense Outlays (i.e. Working Capital) • Expense Outlays after tax (i.e. Training Expenses) Only for Replacement Projects • Sale of Old Machine

9. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay • Cost of Assets • Installation and Shipping • Non-Expense Outlays (i.e. Working Capital) • Expense Outlays after tax (i.e. Training Expenses) Only for Replacement Projects • Sale of Old Machine • Taxes on Machine

10. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Example: Gasperini Corp. is considering replacing their old production machine with a new one. The cost of the new machine is $48,000; installation and delivery cost $2,000. Working Capital requirements on the new machine are $3,000 immediately, and training costs amount to $4,000. The old machine can be sold for $10,000; its book value is zero. Gasperini has a marginal tax rate of 40%.

11. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000

12. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000

13. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000

14. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 4,000(1-0.40)

15. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine

16. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine Salvage Value 10,000

17. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine Salvage Value 10,000 –Taxes – 4,000 Tax rate x (Salvage Value-Book Value) .4(10,000 – 0)

18. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine Salvage Value 10,000 –Taxes – 4,000 – 6,000

19. Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine Salvage Value 10,000 –Taxes – 4,000 – 6,000 Initial Outlay +49,400

20. 0 1 2 3 4 5 Estimating Cash Flows Initial Outlay Cost of Machine +48,000 Installation & Shipping 2,000 Working Capital 3,000 Training (after tax) 2,400 +55,400 Less: Sale of Old Machine Salvage Value 10,000 –Taxes – 4,000 – 6,000 Initial Outlay +49,400 -49,400

21. Estimating Cash Flows Terminal Cash Flow Example: Gasperini Corp. is considering replacing their old production machine with a new one. The cost of the new machine is $48,000; installation and delivery cost $2,000. Working Capital requirements on the new machine are $3,000 immediately, and training costs amount to $4,000. The old machine can be sold for $10,000; its book value is zero. Gasperini has a marginal tax rate of 40%. The new machine Gasperini Corp is considering buying will increase revenues by $5,000/yr and decrease costs by $8,000/ yr. They expect to use the machine for 5 years, and expect to sell it for $15,000 in 5 years. Assume Gasperini uses the Simplified Straight Line method to depreciate assets. Recover Working Capital +3,000

22. Estimating Cash Flows Terminal Cash Flow Example: Gasperini Corp. is considering replacing their old production machine with a new one. The cost of the new machine is $48,000; installation and delivery cost $2,000. Working Capital requirements on the new machine are $3,000 immediately, and training costs amount to $4,000. The old machine can be sold for $10,000; its book value is zero. Gasperini has a marginal tax rate of 40%. The new machine Gasperini Corp is considering buying will increase revenues by $5,000/yr and decrease costs by $8,000/ yr. They expect to use the machine for 5 years, and expect to sell it for $15,000 in 5 years. Assume Gasperini uses the Simplified Straight Line method to depreciate assets. Recover Working Capital +3,000 Sell “New” Machine 15,000

23. Estimating Cash Flows Terminal Cash Flow Example: Gasperini Corp. is considering replacing their old production machine with a new one. The cost of the new machine is $48,000; installation and delivery cost $2,000. Working Capital requirements on the new machine are $3,000 immediately, and training costs amount to $4,000. The old machine can be sold for $10,000; its book value is zero. Gasperini has a marginal tax rate of 40%. The new machine Gasperini Corp is considering buying will increase revenues by $5,000/yr and decrease costs by $8,000/ yr. They expect to use the machine for 5 years, and expect to sell it for $15,000 in 5 years. Assume Gasperini uses the Simplified Straight Line method to depreciate assets. Recover Working Capital +3,000 Sell “New” Machine 15,000 Tax on Sale -6,000 .4(15,000-0)

24. Estimating Cash Flows Terminal Cash Flow Example: Gasperini Corp. is considering replacing their old production machine with a new one. The cost of the new machine is $48,000; installation and delivery cost $2,000. Working Capital requirements on the new machine are $3,000 immediately, and training costs amount to $4,000. The old machine can be sold for $10,000; its book value is zero. Gasperini has a marginal tax rate of 40%. The new machine Gasperini Corp is considering buying will increase revenues by $5,000/yr and decrease costs by $8,000/ yr. They expect to use the machine for 5 years, and expect to sell it for $15,000 in 5 years. Assume Gasperini uses the Simplified Straight Line method to depreciate assets. Recover Working Capital +3,000 Sell “New” Machine 15,000 Tax on Sale -6,000 Terminal Cash Flow +12,000

25. Capital Rationing • In large companies, many projects are evaluated each year • Management often imposes a limit that can be spent on new projects adopted during the year–Capital Rationing • In order to allocate scarce resources, choose the group of projects whose initial outlays are within the capital spending limit while at the same time maximizing NPV of the group of projects.

26. Capital Rationing Example The following independent projects are subject to a $100,000 capital budget. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 All Projects have NPV > 0, PI > 1

27. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 Capital Rationing Example Project Combinations IO NPV 2, 3 & 4 40,000 3,000 +30,000 +2,500 +20,000 +1,000 90,000 6,500

28. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 Capital Rationing Example Project Combinations IO NPV 2, 3 & 4 40,000 3,000 +30,000 +2,500 +20,000 +1,000 90,000 6,500 5 90,000 6,000

29. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 Capital Rationing Example Project Combinations IO NPV 2, 3 & 4 40,000 3,000 +30,000 +2,500 +20,000 +1,000 90,000 6,500 5 90,000 6,000 1 & 2 50,000 1,500 40,000 3,000 90,000 4,500

30. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 Capital Rationing Example Project Combinations IO NPV 2, 3 & 4 40,000 3,000 +30,000 +2,500 +20,000 +1,000 90,000 6,500 5 90,000 6,000 1 & 2 50,000 1,500 40,000 3,000 90,000 4,500 1,3 & 4 50,000 1,500 30,000 2,500 20,000 1,000 100,000 5,000

31. Project IO NPV PI 1 50,000 1,500 1.03 2 40,000 3,000 1.075 3 30,000 2,500 1.083 4 20,000 1,000 1.05 5 90,000 6,000 1.067 Capital Rationing Example Project Combinations IO NPV 2, 3 & 4 40,000 3,000 +30,000 +2,500 +20,000 +1,000 90,000 6,500 5 90,000 6,000 1 & 2 50,000 1,500 40,000 3,000 90,000 4,500 1,3 & 4 50,000 1,500 30,000 2,500 20,000 1,000 100,000 5,000