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Memory

Memory. Chapter 9. Memory. Defined: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information Comparable to a computer system: Encoding Storage Retrieval. Stages of Processing. Sensory Memory Iconic memory – visual (less than a few tenths of a second)

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Memory

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  1. Memory Chapter 9

  2. Memory • Defined: the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information • Comparable to a computer system: • Encoding • Storage • Retrieval

  3. Stages of Processing • Sensory Memory • Iconic memory – visual (less than a few tenths of a second) • Echoic – auditory (3 or 4 seconds) • Short-term Memory (Working Memory) • Long-term Memory Example – Pledge of Allegiance

  4. Encoding information • Automatic Processing • Parallel Processing • Other forms of Automatic processing • Space • Time • Frequency • Well-learned information • Effortful Processing • Rehearsal • “The amount remembered depends on the time spent learning.” • Overlearning

  5. Ebbinghaus’ retention curve

  6. Encoding information • Spacing effect – • spread out studying or practice in order to retain more information (instead of massed studying or cramming) • Serial position effect – • Primacy effect – remembering what you see/practice first • Recency effect – remembering what you see/practice last EX – Our 3 day class experiment! The Name Game!

  7. Encoding information • Levels of Processing • Visual encoding – images • Acoustic encoding –sounds (& sound of words) • Semantic encoding – meaning • Organizing Information for Encoding • Imagery • Mnemonics • Chunking • Hierarchies/Outlines Always use Self-Referencing!!!!

  8. Chunking Activity

  9. 1 7 3 7 9 2 7 4 8 9 0 6 5 8 1 4 2 1 5 6

  10. Storing Information (Biological Aspects) • Limbic System – Emotional Center • Hippocampus • Processes explicit memories • Facts/experiences/etc. • Right – visual information • Left – verbal information • Cerebellum • Processes implicit memories • Skills/Classically conditioned responses (automatic)

  11. Storing Information (Biological Aspects) • Long term potentiation • Increase in neural activity, increases learning and memory • Stress hormones • Flashbulb memory – high emotional level

  12. Retrieving Information • Recall • The ability to retrieve information (fill in the blank tests) that was previously learned • Recognize • The ability to identify information that was previously learned (multiple choice) • Relearn • Time is saved when learning material for the second time

  13. Retrieving information • Retrieval Cues • Anything that will help trigger the memory or information learned • Think of giving a cLue • Songs, smells, a key word, etc. • PRIMING – unconsciously activating memories

  14. PRIMING ACTIVITY • Unscramble the words on your paper.

  15. Priming activity • Unscramble this word:L A E P T

  16. Priming activity • How many saw the word PLATE? • How many saw the word PETAL?

  17. Retrieving Information • Context Effects • Going back to the place where you last remembered what you were doing/thinking • Déjà vu • Mood • State-dependent memory • Mood-congruent memory

  18. Forgetting • Absent-mindedness – encoding failure • Transience – storage decay • Blocking – retrieval failure • Misattribution – interference • Proactive interference – forget new stuff • Retroactive interference – forget old stuff • Suggestibility – incorrect info turns into memories • Misinformation effect • Bias – remembering things the way you want • Persistence - repression

  19. Forgetting/Memory Reconstruction Activity

  20. Memory construction • Fills in gaps with what makes sense • Misinformation Effect – • Remembering a nonexistent experience (based on half truths or non truths) • Eyewitness testimonies • Children vs. Adult • Source amnesia • Forgetting where you learned that information/where you experienced it • Also known as source misattribution • “I might be making that up…”

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