V.A. K hoze (IPPP, Durham)

1. Forward Physics at the LHC December 9th - 11th 2007 Early LHC Measurements Aiming at Reducing Uncertainties in CEP Predictions V.A. Khoze (IPPP, Durham) with a bit of personal flavour (based on works with A. Kaidalov, M. Ryskin, A.D. Martin amd W.J. Stirling) aims: to list & expose the main uncertainties in the theoretical expectations for CEP rates, to propose the measurements which will allow to cross- check the predictions By popular demand (ADR, Risto, Brian, …) Higgs sector study- one of the central targets of FP420 physics menu

2. reference. purposes, ExHume tuning (Alan’s talk)

3. This is what matters for the CEP rates ! KMRS-04

4.  How reliable are the calculations ?  Are they well tested experimentally ? ● How well we understand/model soft physics ? ● How well we understand hard diffraction ? ●Is ‘hard-soft factorization’ well justified ?  What else could/should be done in order to improve the accuracy of the calculations ? So far the Tevatron diffractive data have been Durham-friendly) (Dino, Mike) or clouds on the horizon ? Theory side - •Hard rescattering corrections toCEP, (BBKM-06) (agreementwith KMR at the TPF-level !) •New papers/talks by GLM-07 ( Strikman et al, 06-07 ) (Uri’s and Alan’s talks)

5. (Dino, Mike) (MC models as well)

6. Saga about Soft Survival

7. EXP. DATA (Pythia, Phojet)

8. PDF’s DEMOCRACY  KKMR -04 – factor of 1.5-2 difference between CTEQ6M and MRST02, ( Jeff Forshaw)  very recently, CLP-07, factor of 4 difference between CTEQ6L1 and MRST2002NLO, CTEQL1 7.38 fb for SM Higgs. Here we are on the conservative side, but further studies and tests are needed Higher-Order QCD effects • Uncomfortably large higher-order QCD effects in the case of exclusive • processes, exemplified by the Sudakov effect. • Seen now in the dijet exclusive data. (Thanks to CDF ) Further serious theoretical studies needed,NNLO Sudakov ? Self-consistent combined treatment of higher order effects in unintegrated struct. functs and in the hard cross-section – requires detailed studies

9. Semi-enhanced hard rescattering and soft-hard factorization “enhanced” correction to sH(excl)? enhanced absorption, discussed first KKMR-01 in the diffractive dijet context Bartels,Bondarenko,Kutak,Motyka-06 used pert.thy.corrn could be large and s H(excl) modified ? KMR-06 arguments for small effect KMR-00(07): use 2(3)-channel eikonal + ‘soft’ enhanced contributions (A. Martin’s talk)

10. On top of KMR theoretical arguments New ZEUS data Leading neutron prod. at HERA, Zeus g g g KKMR ‘06 gap due to p exchange ~ exclusive Higgs eikonal yi > 2 – 3 correction prop. to rap. interval prop. to g energy (negative) Prob. to observe leading neutron must decrease with g energy But expt.  flat  small enhanced correction enhanced g g g g SD may change (flat) behaviour at the LHC if enh . contr. is large

11. EXPERIMENTAL CHECKS • (Yesterday and Today) • Up to now the diffractive production data are consistent with K(KMR)S results • Still more work to be done to constrain the uncertainties • CEP of high-Et dijets • (CDF: Run I, Run II) data up to (Et)min>50 GeV (Dino’s talk) , finally on the hep-ex ! • ‘Factorization breaking’ between the effective diffractive structure functions measured at the Tevatron and HERA. • (KKMR-01 ,a quantitative description of the results, both in normalizationand the shapeof thedistribution) • The ratio of high Et dijets in production with one and two rapidity gaps • Preliminary CDF results on exclusive charmonium CEDP. • Energy dependence of the RG survival (D0, CDF). • CEPofγγ (….,) ,PRL paper (Mike’s talk) • (in line with the KMRS calculations) • Leading neutrons at HERA   

16. p-reconstructed via W (no proton tagging) p- scanner

17. rich diffractive structures -mass effects less pronounced

19. (K.G.& Montanha-98)

20. Higher sensitivity to the parameters of models for Soft Diffraction y=-ln , =(1-x) ( also useful for calculations of the pile-up backgrounds)

21. Exclusive dijet Monitor & Interferometer CEP of diphotons (rate permitting) would provide an excellent combined test at M>10-20 GeV (better accuracy!) Dijet rate- combined effect of all basic ingredients (Surviv, Sudakov, pdfs, Enhanc.Absp) ( ET> 10 GeV) ET-dependence -dominantly Sudakov (+anom dimens), weaker dependence on S². At low ET- higher sensitivity to the Enhanced Absorption When having the proton detectors operational Correlations between proton transverse momenta, azimuthal distribts Practically insensitive to pdfs and Sudakov effects. High sensitivity to soft model parameters. Proton opacity scanner (KMR-02, also Kupco et al-05, Petrov et al -05) Comparing dijet signals in different rapidity intervals study of Sudakov suppression Advantages • Comparatively high rate (3 orders of magnitude higher than for the Higgs at the same ET). • Possibility to separate different effects and to restrict different uncertainties by studying the same process

22. (cf, Dino’s talk) d

23. Correlations KMR-02

24. KMR-02 proton pt allows to sample different impact parameters bt Opacity Scanner High ET central jets are not required (in principle)

25. (P. Bussey)

26. By Mike’s request ppp +Z+p at || <1, (Z) ~ 0.3 fb (in agreement with thelatestevaluationby Goncalves & Machado arXiv:0710.4287 v.3) (KR-07) Could be useful for probing the predictions for deviation from the SM (for instance The LHC (White) Pomeron)

27. Uncertainties in the non-PU background calculation Myths For the channelbgds are well known and incorporated in the MCs: Exclusive LO - production (mass-suppressed) + gg misident+ soft & hard PP collisions. Reality The complete background calculations are still in progress (uncomfortably & unusuallylarge high-order QCD and b-quark mass effects). About a dozen various sources (studied by Durham group)  admixture of |Jz|=2 production.  NLO radiative contributions (hard blob and screened gluons)  NNLO one-loop box diagram (mass- unsuppressed, cut-non-reconstructible)’  ‘Central inelastic’ backgrounds (now under control:Durham-Manchester).  b-quark mass effects in dijet events – still incomplete potentially, the largest source of theoretical uncertainties! On top of MC studies (Andy, Marek et al. ) hopefully coming soon

28. Conclusion We are now at the qualitatively new stage when the theoretical predictions for the CEP cross sections have reached the level of a factor of 3 accuracy. So far Durham group has been able to describe/predict the diffractive data. Essential improvement of the accuracy will require a lot of work and may not happen until the LHC experiments come FORWARD and produce the data (already) in the early runs. This will not be easy. It is not like a walk in the park. LET THE DATA TALK ! Only a large data set would allow to impose a restriction order on the theoretical models

29. BACKUP

30. The ALFA project in ATLAS (special run (~100 hrs, L=1027cm-2s-1) • Single diffraction trigger • ALFA.AND.(LUCID.OR.ZDC) • central ATLAS detector not considered for now  Antwerpen 25/10/07, Per Grafstrom

34. In reality KMR –calculational procedure is (much) more complicated To account for the effects of the screening corrections the calculations are performed in impact parameter bt –space For illustration in a single-channel eikonal approx. hor the process is the Fourier transform to impact parameter space The soft rescattering effects are denoted only symbolically by a factorin the effective PP –luminosity (even for the integrated over proton transverse momenta quantities) (KMR-hep-ph/0111078) In practice, there is no factorized form, and should be viewed as the soft survival factor appropriately averaged over the diffractive eigenstates (2,3 channel eikonals..)

35. In the topical case of production the introduction of the and angular correlations raise effective from 0.02 to 0.026 ( KKMRhep-ph/0307064) There are other assumptions. for example, factorization of the unintegrated distributions still schematically + correlation effects +…

36. model B(2) as compared to the elastic data secondary Regge poles can contribute Alan Martin’s talk

37. 0.02 0.04 in EPJC(2000) MRK-2007

38. BBKM  (first) corrn could be large and -ve,