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Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System. Chapter 32. Structures of the Pulmonary System. Airways Blood vessels Chest wall Lungs Lobes Segments Lobules. Structures of the Pulmonary System. Structures of the Pulmonary System. Conducting airways Upper airways Nasopharynx

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Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System

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  1. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System Chapter 32

  2. Structures of the Pulmonary System • Airways • Blood vessels • Chest wall • Lungs • Lobes • Segments • Lobules

  3. Structures of the Pulmonary System

  4. Structures of the Pulmonary System • Conducting airways • Upper airways • Nasopharynx • Oropharynx • Larynx • Connects upper and lower airways • Lower airways • Trachea • Bronchi • Terminal bronchioles

  5. Structures of the Pulmonary System

  6. Structures of the Pulmonary System • Gas-exchange airways • Respiratory bronchioles • Alveolar ducts • Alveoli • Epithelial cells • Type I alveolar cells • Alveolar structure • Type II alveolar cells • Surfactant production

  7. Structures of the Pulmonary System

  8. Structures of the Pulmonary System

  9. Structures of the Pulmonary System

  10. Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation • Pulmonary circulation has a lower pressure than the systemic circulation • One third of pulmonary vessels are filled with blood at any given time • Pulmonary artery divides and enters the lung at the hilus • Each bronchus and bronchiole has an accompanying artery or arteriole

  11. Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation

  12. Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation • Alveolocapillary membrane • Formed by the shared alveolar and capillary walls • Thin membrane of alveolar epithelium, the alveolar basement membrane, interstitial space, the capillary basement membrane, and the capillary endothelium

  13. Pulmonary and Bronchial Circulation

  14. Chest Wall and Pleura • Chest wall • Skin, ribs, and intercostal muscles • Thoracic cavity • Pleura • Serous membrane • Parietal and visceral layers • Pleural space (cavity) • Pleural fluid

  15. Function of the Pulmonary System • Ventilation • Mechanical movement of gas or air into and out of the lungs • Minute volume • Ventilatory rate multiplied by the volume of air per breath • Alveolar ventilation

  16. Ventilation • Neurochemical control • Respiratory center • Dorsal respiratory group • Ventral respiratory group • Pneumotaxic center • Apneustic center • Peripheral chemoreceptors

  17. Ventilation • Neurochemical control • Lung receptors • Irritant receptors • Stretch receptors • J-receptors • Chemoreceptors • Central chemoreceptors • Peripheral chemoreceptors

  18. Mechanics of Breathing • Major and accessory muscles • Major muscles of inspiration • Diaphragm • External intercostals • Accessory muscles of inspiration • Sternocleidomastoid and scalene muscles • Accessory muscles of expiration • Abdominal and internal intercostal muscles

  19. Muscles of Ventilation

  20. Mechanics of Breathing • Alveolar surface tension • Function of surfactant • Elastic properties of the lung and chest wall • Elastic recoil • Compliance • Airway resistance • Work of breathing

  21. Mechanics of Breathing

  22. Measurement of Gas Pressure • Barometric pressure • Partial pressure • Partial pressure of water vapor

  23. Measurement of Gas Pressure

  24. Measurement of Gas Pressure

  25. Gas Transport • Four steps • Ventilation of the lungs • Diffusion of oxygen from the alveoli into the capillary blood • Perfusion of systemic capillaries with oxygenated blood • Diffusion of oxygen from systemic capillaries into the cells • Diffusion of CO2 occurs in reverse order

  26. Gas Transport • Distribution of ventilation and perfusion • Gravity and alveolar pressure • Ventilation-perfusion ratio

  27. Measurement of Gas Pressure

  28. Gas Transport • Oxygen transport • Diffusion across the alveolocapillary membrane • Determinants of arterial oxygenation • Oxyhemoglobin association and dissociation • Oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve

  29. Measurement of Gas Pressure

  30. Gas Transport • Carbon dioxide transport • Dissolved in plasma • Bicarbonate • Carbamino compounds • Haldane effect

  31. Control of Pulmonary Circulation • Hypoxic vasoconstriction • Caused by low alveolar pO2 • Blood is shunted to other, well-ventilated portions of the lungs • Provides better ventilation and perfusion matching • If hypoxia affects all segments of the lungs, the vasoconstriction can result in pulmonary hypertension • Acidemia also causes pulmonary artery constriction

  32. Tests of Pulmonary Function • Spirometry • Diffusion capacity • Residual volume • Functional reserve capacity (FRC) • Total lung capacity • Arterial blood gas analysis • Chest radiographs

  33. Aging and the Pulmonary System • Loss of elastic recoil • Stiffening of the chest wall • Alterations in gas exchange • Increases in flow resistance

  34. Aging and the Pulmonary System

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