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FEMINISM

FEMINISM. 14 JUNE 2010. What is the Theory of Feminism?. Introduced gender as a relevant empirical category and analytical tool for understanding global power relations as well as a normative position from which to consider alternative world orders. Example of Influential Feminism Approach.

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FEMINISM

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  1. FEMINISM 14 JUNE 2010

  2. What is the Theory of Feminism? • Introduced gender as a relevant empirical category and analytical tool for understanding global power relations as well as a normative position from which to consider alternative world orders.

  3. Example of Influential Feminism Approach • Cynthia Enloe: • Where are the women? (1988) : women often there, even where we might not expect them. • Bananas, Beaches, and Bases (1989), exposed how international politics frequently involves intimate relationships, personal identities and private lives.

  4. Strategic Claim • Women experiences are systematically different from men’s. • All social relations are gendered.

  5. Variant Politics of feminism • Liberal feminism : seeking an end to women exclusion from under representation in office, power and employment • Radical feminism: see women’s subordination as universal, sex class. • Cultural feminism: see women more nurturing and peaceable. • Socialist feminism: Put together class and gender.

  6. Variant Politics of feminism • Socialist feminism: Put together class and gender. • Third World feminists: accused white feminist of ignoring race, culture, and colonial relation as affecting women, too. • Post-modern feminists.: who speaks for women?

  7. The development of Feminism in IR Theory • Flourished since mid 1980’s. • Until the 1980’s IR studies the causes of war and conflict and global expansion of trade and commerce with no particular reference to people. • Gender relations were rarely a necessary part of the analysis. • In the Third debate (post positivist).

  8. The development (Cont) • First generation of Feminism in IR late 1980’s: • Contested the exclusionary, state-center and positivist nature of the discipline primarily at a meta-theoretical level. (Tickener, 1992, Pettman 1996) • Second generation: • Developed feminist IR by making gender a central analytic category in studies of foreign policy, security and global political economy. (Moon 1997, Whitworth 2004, Stern 2005)

  9. Example of Feminism research • Gender and international security • Feminist analysis of the gendered impacts of war and peace • Quantitative analysis using gender as a variable to explain aspects of state behaviour and international conflicts • Alternative methodological approaches to research on global politics

  10. Typology • (1) Empirical feminism: focus on women and /or explore gender as an empirical dimension of international relations; • Documented how male bias in the development process has led to poor implementation of projects and unsatisfactory policy outcomes. • Women are not only victim they are empowered by it.

  11. variant • (2) analytical feminism, that uses gender as a theoretical category to reveal the gender bias of international Relations concepts and explain constitutive aspects of international relations. • Deconstruct the theoretical framework of IR • Undermines the division between individual, state and international system

  12. Variant (Con…) • Normative feminism, that reflects on the process of theorizing as part of a normative agenda for global social and political change. • Bring s the experiences of women’s activism to bear on debates about international ethics, humanitarian aid and intervention and human rights instruments.

  13. Contribution (Claim) • Dispels the assumption that Powers is come out from barrel of the gun, or ensues from the declaration of the statesman. • to reinterpret power suggest that international relations scholars have underestimated the pervasiveness of power and precisely what it takes, at every level and every day, to produce a grossly uneven and hierarchical world order (Enfloe 1997)

  14. Contribution (Cont…) • Feminism reconceptualizations of power and attention to the margin of global politic have allowed IR to recognize and comprehend new political phenomena • More inclusive view of globalisation

  15. Critics • Analytic use of gender as a concept have forms of oppression prevalent in global politics. • Universal concept of gender cannot be applied globally. • No feminist ‘high ground’ from which to theorise about international relations. • Feminist identity and solidarity are problematic.

  16. Sourcess: • Jacqui True, 2009, Feminism, in Scott Burchill and Andrew Linklater (eds.) Theories of International relations, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, • Jan Jindy Pettman, 1998, Gender Issues in John Baylis and Steve Smith (eds), The Globalization of World politics, pp.483-496. • Ann Tickner and Laura Sjoberg, 2007, Feminism,in Tim Dunne et,all (eds), International Relations Theories, New York: Oxford University press, pp.185-202

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