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Chapter 12 Logic and Reason

Chapter 12 Logic and Reason. “Contrariwise,’ continued Tweedledee, ‘if it was so, it might be; and if it were so, it would be; but as it isn’t, it ain’t. That’s logic’.” - Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland. Speeches. Ideas supported with logic Evidence: anything that establishes fact

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Chapter 12 Logic and Reason

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  1. Chapter 12Logic and Reason “Contrariwise,’ continued Tweedledee, ‘if it was so, it might be; and if it were so, it would be; but as it isn’t, it ain’t. That’s logic’.”- Lewis Carroll, Alice in Wonderland

  2. Speeches • Ideas supported with logic • Evidence: anything that establishes fact • Reasoning: the process of thinking and drawing conclusions

  3. Methods of Reasoning • Induction: from specific to a generalization • Case studies use this • Reasoning by sign • Physical evidence • Reasoning by Analogy • Relating two similar things Specific to General I nduction

  4. Methods of Reasoning • Deduction: from general to specific • Syllogism: two premises to a conclusion • For example: • All students go to school. • You are a student. • Therefore, you go to school. D General to Specific eduction

  5. Fallacies • Hasty generalization • Sample is too small or not representative • False Premise • Error in deduction • All cats have four legs. A dog has four legs.Therefore, a dog is a cat.

  6. Fallacies • Circumstantial evidence • Error in reasoning by sign • Mistaken causality • Events may not be correlated • Playing with numbers • Manipulating figures • False Analogy • Things not related

  7. Fallacies • Ignoring the Question • Personal attacks or prejudice • Begging the Question • Assuming that whatever you are trying to prove is true… “Students will devote more time to studying if they have more study halls. We should decrease the number of classes a student takes and increase study halls for students to study more.”

  8. The Ethics of Audience Adaptation • Give the audience what it needs most • All the facts • Never present false evidence

  9. Recalling the Facts • What do we call the process of thinking and drawing conclusions about evidence? • What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning? • Why is there no such thing as a perfect analogy? • What is the term for drawing conclusions about a given situation based on physical evidence? • What are some types of common fallacies? • Why is logic important to a citizen in a democracy? Look Back on Page 334 of textbook

  10. evidence reasoning logic induction case study sign analogy deduction premise syllogism fallacy hasty generalization false premise circumstantial evidence causally correlated false analogy ignoring the question begging the question Vocabulary List on Page 317 of textbook

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