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Biotechnology

Biotechnology. Use of Natural Biological Systems to Produce a Product or Provide a Desired Process . Recombinant DNA Technology. A set of techniques used to produce large quantities of a gene and its product Recombinant DNA = DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources

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Biotechnology

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  1. Biotechnology Use of Natural Biological Systems to Produce a Productor Provide a Desired Process

  2. Recombinant DNA Technology • A set of techniques used to produce large quantities of a gene and its product • Recombinant DNA = DNA produced by joining segments of DNA from different sources • eg. To produce human insulin, scientists have combined bacterial DNA + human DNA

  3. Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Restriction enzymes: enzymes that cleave the DNA double helix at specific nucleotide sequences

  4. Results in sticky end sticky end Use of the Restriction Enzyme Bam H1 5’— G G A T C C — 3’ 3’— C C T A G G — 5’ 5’— G G A T C C — 3’ 3’— C C T A G G — 5’

  5. Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Vector: carrier of DNA; can be virus or plasmid Plasmid: extrachromosomal, independently replicating, small circular DNA molecule

  6. restriction enzyme restriction enzyme Producing Recombinant DNA Mix together Add DNA Ligase Many recombinant DNA molecules are produced, each with a different piece of source DNA Treat source DNA with restrictionenzyme Treat plasmid DNA with same enzyme Transform bacterial cells Each bacterial cellcarries a different recombinant plasmid

  7. AGCTTAGCGAT AGCTTAGCGAT TCGAATCGCTA TCGAATCGCTA AATCGC Tools for Producing Recombinant DNA Probe: sequence of DNA that is complementary to the gene of interest; Used to locate a copy of the gene by hybridization Denature DNA by heating Add Probe Probe Binds to gene

  8. Using the Probe to Find the Gene of Interest

  9. Biotechnological Methods: PCRhttp://www.dnalc.org/resources/animations/pcr.html • PCR = Polymerase Chain Reaction • Amplifies a specific region in the DNA • Used for identification, especially if the amount of DNA is small • Uses repeated cycles of heating to denature DNA and cooling to synthesize new DNA • Involves the use of ---Taq polymerase (a DNA polymerase that withstands heat) ---primers to begin synthesis

  10. DNA Fingerprinting with PCR

  11. DNA Fingerprinting for Paternity Testing

  12. DNA Fingerprinting in Forensics 1 2 3 CSRCIE MNEE 4 5 6 7 Suspects Suspects

  13. DNA sequence for gene from cress plant Arrows show differences in DNA sequences related to inherited breast cancer Biotechnological MethodsDNA Sequencing: Determining the Order of Nucleotides

  14. Human Genome Project • An effort to determine the sequences of all human genes • Genomics: study of DNA sequences • Proteomics: study of proteins produced in a specific organism or cell type • Bioinformatics: using computer databases to store and analyze sequence information

  15. Applications of BiotechnologyTransgenic Bacteria • Transgenic: organism that contains a gene from another species in all of its cells • Transgenic bacteria that produce • Human Insulin • Human growth factor • tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) • hepatitis B vaccine

  16. Bt Corn: Producesits own Pesticide Roundup Ready Soybeansare resistant to herbicide “Golden” rice with beta-carotene and extra iron Applications of Biotechnology Transgenic Plants

  17. Applications of BiotechnologyTransgenic Animals Make Human Gene Products Human gene product will be released in milk

  18. Applications of BiotechnologyTransgenic Animals as Models of Human Diseases Transgenic Mouse with defective human hormone gene interfering with growth Same type of mouse “rescued” by blocking action of human gene

  19. Gene Therapy for SCID Andrew Gobea Ex vivo: Gene is introduced into cells outside the body

  20. Cystic Fibrosis Blindness: Leber’s Congenital Amaurosis (LCA) In vivoGene Therapy Aerosol spray delivers gene Injection of gene

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