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Biodiesel Production – Part 1: Feedstocks and Production

Biodiesel Production – Part 1: Feedstocks and Production. Renewable Products Development Laboratories Portland, Oregon, USA. What Is Biodiesel?.

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Biodiesel Production – Part 1: Feedstocks and Production

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  1. Biodiesel Production – Part 1:Feedstocks and Production Renewable Products Development Laboratories Portland, Oregon, USA

  2. What Is Biodiesel? • Definition: Biodiesel consists of the alkyl monoesters of fatty acids derived from vegetable oils and animal fats that meet the requirements of ASTM 6751.

  3. What Is NOT Biodiesel? • Blends of biodiesel and petroleum diesel • Unprocessed (un-reacted) fats and oils • Mixtures or emulsions of alcohol and fats or oils • Bio-derived fuels such as F-T diesel

  4. Biodiesel Reaction • Chemical reaction between a primary alcohol (e.g. methanol, ethanol) and an oil or fat • Basic Chemistry: 100 lb Oil + 10 lb Methanol → 100 lb Biodiesel + 10 lb Glycerol • Requires a catalyst

  5. US Sources of Oils and Fats • Soybeans 18.3 B lb/yr • Corn 2.4 B lb/yr • Other Seed Oils 2.9 B lb/yr • Tallows 5.5 B lb/yr • Lard & Grease 1.3 B lb/yr • Poultry Fat 2.2 B lb/yr • Yellow Grease 2.6 B lb/yr • Algae, other ???

  6. Quality Requirements for “Standard” Biodiesel Production • Free Fatty Acid (FFA) Content < 2.0 % • Moisture Content < 0.1 % desired < 0.5 % permitted • Phosphorus and Sulfur Content < 15 ppm

  7. Free Fatty Acids (FFA) • FFA are weak organic acids with carbon numbers ranging from 8 to 22 or more. • FFA are naturally occurring; or products of partial decomposition of fats and oils. • FFA are easily neutralized using alkali hydroxides – making soap. • FFA can be converted to biodiesel, typically using a mineral acid catalyst.

  8. Categories of Biodiesel Processes • Base Catalyzed – (Transesterification) • Batch • Continuous • Acid Catalyzed • FFA Pretreatment (Direct Esterification) • Non-catalytic • Co-solvent processes • Supercritical • Heterogeneous (Solid) Catalyst

  9. Key Process Variables Temperature Pressure Oil : Alcohol Ratio Reaction Time Mixing Batch or Continuous Processing

  10. Base Catalyzed Batch System

  11. Continuous CSTR System

  12. Base Catalyzed PFR System

  13. Heterogeneous Catalyst System

  14. Process Conditions • Alcohol:TG Ratio - Base Catalyzed: 6:1 to 10:1 typical - Acid Catalyzed: 9:1 to 40:1 • Residence Time - Base Catalyzed: 5 min to 4 hr - Acid Catalyzed: 15 min to 8 hr

  15. Biodiesel Production Chemistry • Esterification is a three step reaction: - Solubility limited - Rate limited - Product inhibition (glycerol) limited

  16. Process Conditions • Temperature - Solubility Limited: Increasing T increases solubility - Rate Limited: Reaction rate doubles with a 10 °C increase in T - Product Inhibition Limited: GL  MG rate near MG  DG rate • Pressure: Operate 10 to 15 psig above alcohol vapor pressure

  17. Batch or Continuous? • Batch: - indicated for small capacity or long residence times • Continuous - indicated for large capacity systems - longer residence times can be accommodated using sequential CSTRs or PFRs - Residence time can be optimized using multiple parameters

  18. Summary • Production of fatty acid esters is easy; production of biodiesel is a deceptively difficult process. • There are multiple ways to make biodiesel to meet multiple business models. • There are multiple sources of fats and oils for biodiesel that can be adapted to local realities.

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