Chapter I:

1. Chapter I: The First Humans

2. An Indiana Jones Thing

3. Terms to begin with… • Prehistory- period before writing was developed • Archaeology- the study of past societies through an analysis of what people left behind • Artifacts-“stuff” left behind • Fossils- remains of living things • Anthropology- study of human life and culture

4. People in History • Donald Johanson • Mary and Louis B. Leakey

5. Dating Artifacts and Fossils • Radiocarbon Dating (determines an object’s age by measuring the amount of C-14)

6. Dating Artifacts and Fossils • Thermoluminescence dating (determines an object’s age by measuring the light given off by electrons trapped in the surrounding soil)

7. Dating Artifacts and Fossils • DNA analysis

10. Key Stages of Human Development • Australopithecines • 3-4 million years ago • East/southern Africa • First believed to leave the trees • “southern apes” • First hominids(humans and other creatures that walk upright)to make simple tools • Ardipithecus???

11. Key Stages of Human Development • Australopithecus

12. Key Stages of Human Development • Homo erectus • 1.5 million years ago • “upright human being” • Larger brains/more advanced tools • First believed to use fire • Fire gave warmth • Fostered a sense of community for the groups gathered around it • Enable them to scare away animals • Flush animals out of wooded areas • Cook food= make it taste better, easier to chew and digest • As Ice Age conditions developed, allowed humans to further adapt to their environment • First to leave Africa and spread to Europe and Asia

13. Key Stages of Human Development • Homo erectus

14. Key Stages of Human Development • Homo sapiens • 250,000 years ago • “wise human being” • Homo sapiens sapiens (“wise wise human beings”) 200,000 years age • Neanderthals

15. Key Stages of Human Development • Homo sapiens

16. The Spread of Humans • 2 to 3 miles per generation • Populated the world within 10,000 years • Traditional theory: started in Africa and slowly spread to the rest of the world • Multiregional Theory: advanced human creatures may have emerged independently in different regions of the world

17. The Spread of Humans(Out-of-Africa Theory)

18. The Spread of Humans(Multi-Regional Model)

19. Paleolithic Age • Nomadic lifestyle: humans had no permanent settlement…they followed their food sources • Both men and women had to find food, however, women had to stay close to camp because they raised children • Men hunted/ women gathered

20. Paleolithic Age

21. Neolithic Age/Revolution • People settled in one area/ causing people to see the need to build houses for protection • Systematic agriculture= farming • Domestication of animals (human control over animals) • No more nomadic lifestyle/ they could stay in one place/ everyone no longer had to farm…other “artisans” come about

22. Neolithic Age/Revolution • Led to the formation of farming • Began to create armies/walled cities • Built temples and started forming religions • Bronze age (bronze= copper +tin)/ better weapons and tools • Large numbers of people were concentrated in the river valleys of Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China…led to “CIVILIZATIONS”

24. Civilization Factors needed for a civilization • Acquire food on a regular basis • Rise of permanent villages • Trading goods/ division of labor • Emergence of a civilization

25. Civilization Important Characteristics of a Civilization • Cities • Government (monarchs) • Religion • Social structure(based on economic status. Rulers, priests, officials and warriors were the upper classes. Below them was a class of free farmers, traders, artisans and craftspeople. Below them were slaves and servants • Writing • Art