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China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms

China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms. Outline. GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)

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China since World War II From Revolutions to Reforms

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  1. China since World War IIFrom Revolutions to Reforms

  2. Outline • GMD-CCP Civil War (1946-1949) • Recovery and Socialism (1949-1956) • Rethinking the Soviet model (1956-1957) • Great Leap Forward (1958-1961) • Recovery & growing elite division (1962-5) • Great Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • “Reforms and opening up” (1978- )

  3. Legacies of imperial China • political philosophy of Confucius (551-479 B.C.) • ordered hierarchy of harmonious relationships • bureaucracy of scholar-officials • political system of centralized imperial rule • endured from 221 B.C. to 1911 A.D. • The last dynasty: Qing (1644-1911) • domestic rebellion and foreign encroachment • replaced by the Republic of China in 1912

  4. Anti-Japanese War (1937-1945)

  5. GMD-CCP Civil War 1946-1949 • GMD: Guomindang (Nationalist Party) • Chiang Kai-shek (President) • CCP: Chinese Communist Party • Mao Zedong

  6. People’s Republic of China • 1949-10-01, PRC, Beijing • Chairman: Mao Zedong • 5-Star Red Flag • Republic of China government retreated to Taiwan

  7. Economic Reconstruction 1950s • Soviet Union model and assistance • land reform (eliminate landlord class) • heavy industry (state-owned enterprises) • First National People’s Congress (1954) • PRC Constitution • Zhou Enlai • Premier • Foreign Minister

  8. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) • abandon the Soviet model of economic development • Soviet “scientific planning” • mass mobilization • people’s communes

  9. Great Leap Forward (1958-1960) • unrealistic output targets • industry • agricultural and human disaster

  10. Growing Division (1962-1965) • Mao Zedong vs. Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping • charismatic leadership vs. bureaucracy

  11. Cultural Revolution (1966-76) • Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution

  12. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Purge of party cadres • Purge of intellectuals

  13. Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) • Purge of Liu Shaoqi & Deng Xiaoping • 1966 - 1971: Lin Biao • 1972 - 1976: Gang of Four

  14. Diplomatic Achievements • 1971, PRC became the representative of China in UN (replaced ROC) • 1972, President Nixon visited Beijing

  15. Mao and Zhou Died in 1976 • Turning point in China’s postwar era • “Gang of Four” were arrested • End of the Cultural Revolution

  16. Reforms and Opening up • The 3rd Plenum of the 11th CCP Central Committee in 1978 • Deng Xiaoping’s ascendancy • economic modernization became focus • US-PRC established diplomatic relationship in 1979

  17. Deng Xiaoping • Deng Xiaoping as the “general architect of reforms and opening up” (1978-1997) • Deng handpicked 3 successive CCP General Secretaries • Zhao Ziyang (1987-1989) • Jiang Zemin (1989-2002) • Hu Jintao (2002- ) • economy “growing out of the plan”

  18. Tian’anmen 1989 • CCP General Secretary Zhao Ziyang (elite reformist) was removed from all positions • Deng Xiaoping retired from day-to-day policy making

  19. “socialist market economy” • break the monopoly of state ownership • 3 million private enterprises employ 43 million people • 24 million individual businesses employ 48 million people • foreign-invested enterprises employ 9 million • reforms of the state-owned enterprises • transformation into joint-stock companies

  20. Hong Kong • On July 1, 1997, Britain returned Hong Kong to China • Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

  21. China joined WTO in 2001 • Expansion of trade and investment • weed out inefficient state-owned enterprises • further retreat of state from economy • further divide • urban-rural • coastal-inland • unemployment

  22. Recent political changes • Then CCP General Secretary Jiang Zemin announced in 2001 that the Party would recruit private entrepreneurs • in the 16th CCP National Congress in November 2002, Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as the General Secretary of CCP • in the 10th National People’s Congress in March 2003, Hu Jintao replaced Jiang Zemin as the President of PRC

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