http://www.industryplayer.com/images/licrespic/spices.jpg

2. http://www.industryplayer.com/images/licrespic/spices.jpg

4. Religion • “Citizens were born into membership in churches just as they were born into citizenship in countries. From the fourth century on, state churches represented the norm in European Christianity.” (Holmes)

5. http://z.about.com/d/geography/1/0/Q/B/tord1.jpg

7. Native Americans www.lib.umich.edu/tcp/eebo/Featured/casas.html http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/jamestown-browse?id=J1009b

8. England circa 1600

9. Jamestown 1607http://www.history.com/minisites/jamestownanniversary/

10. http://www.virginiavignettes.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/powhatan_john_smith_map.jpghttp://www.virginiavignettes.org/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/powhatan_john_smith_map.jpg http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:Captain_John_Smith.jpg

11. 1619 http://www.history.org/Almanack/places/hb/cappc2.jpg http://www.jamd.com/search?assettype=g&assetid=56248520&text=Jamestown+slaves

12. Rebellion … 1676 http://www.stockton.edu/~gilmorew/0colhis/sou22.jpg The Burning Of Jamestown, 1676 1901Pyle, Howard(1853-1911 American)Lithograph Private Collection

13. The Haves1700s http://www.history.org/Almanack/places/hb/hbpal.cfm Governor’s Palace/ Williamsburg Finished 1722 Stratford Hall Lee Family Home Built 1730

14. Bruton Parish, Williamsburg

15. The Parish • Anglican majority • Required attendance, yet… • Fithian description • Sabbath represented a day off for whites and slaves… • Reading from Book of Prayer sanctioned by law…repetition.

16. Bruton Parish • “The appointed set of words, read in the midst of a community ranged in order of precedence, continuously evoked postures of deference and submission. Liturgy and church plan thus readily combined to offer a powerful representation of a structured, hierarchical community.” (Issac)

17. Plymouth, 1620 http://www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/revolution/revgfx/may-compact.jpg http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.new-england-vacations-guide.com/images/plymouth-travel-map.gif&imgrefurl=http://www.new-england-vacations-guide.com/plimoth-plantation.html&h=300&w=500&sz=26&hl=en&start=3&usg=__nbtM3WsXZ1UYsreCK-f1eq3_5z4=&tbnid=CSWRTmx9e0GOVM:&tbnh=78&tbnw=130&prev=/images%3Fq%3DPilgrims%2BPlymouth%2Bmap%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den%26safe%3Dstrict%26client%3Ddell-usuk%26channel%3Dus%26sa%3DG%26ad%3Dw5

18. Puritans http://www.harvardsquarelibrary.org/chistory/images/34winthrop.jpg http://www.bementfamily.com/images/massbay1630-42.jpg

19. Puritans • Go from persecuted minority to intolerant majority • Quakers • Banishment Law • Theocracy? • 1700 Anglicans arrive

20. Old North Church Boston

21. Exceptions to the rule… • Rhode Island and Roger Williams • Maryland … proprietor Roman Catholic yet… • Toleration Act of 1649 • Predates GB’s by 40 years • Predates William Penn’s Holy Experiment • Predates the Enlightenment • BUT not an act of freedom of religion but of religious tolerance. Difference?

22. Penn’s Holy Experiment • John Adams claimed that PA contained “Roman Catholics, English Episcopalians, Scotch and American Presbyterians, Methodists, Moravians, Anabaptists, German Lutherans, Cerman Calvinists, Universalists, Arians, Priestleyans, Socinans, Independents, Congregationalists,…Deists andAtheists” (Holmes) • AND…

23. The Quakers Arch Street Friends meeting house Philadelphia

24. Salvation from within… through your inward light/conscience/soul … the Divine spark • Step towards power of the individual • Everyone can be saved • 1750s no longer the key political power… have moved to social activism…women play key roles

25. The Questioning of Institutions and traditions Enlightenment, Awakenings, Evolving American Revolutionary creeds and dogma

26. The Enlightenment • Science … Newton and the Natural Laws of the Universe • Deist and Voltaire’s “Supreme Architect” • Locke’s Essay on Human Understanding • Use of Reason is the highest Virtue • God established divine law and the law can be discovered through reason. • Human mind can be used to understand what God intended • American elite receptive to these ideas. • What about the common person?

27. The Great Awakening • 1730s – 1770s • Various reasons … • Led to waves of revivals • Traditional services vs Evangelical happenings • “and therefore a divine revelation must be a collection of rays of light…” (Samuel Davies’ sermon The Divine Authority of the Christian Religion) • Black and white audiences

28. George Whitefield • Wesleyan Anglican from GB • 1739 – 42 tour from GA to NE “gales of the heavenly wind” sermons • Crowds of up to 6,000 • Media savvy • The Spiritual Travels of Nathan Cole

29. Jonathan Edwards • “Our people do not so much need to have their heads stored as to have their hearts touched.” and it was a “reasonable thing to endeavor to fright persons away from hell.” • “The bow of god’s wrath is bent and the arrow made ready on the string, and justice bends the arrow at your heart, and strains the bow, and it is nothing but the mere pleasure of God, and that of an angry God, without any promise or obligation at all that keeps the arrow one moment from being made drunk with you blood.” Sinners in the Hand… (all quotes from text: America) • Yet in 1754 The Freedom of Will …

30. Imitators abound, spiritual enthusiasm hard to control, revival of traditional religion takes new direction • Split established churches • Natural law led to Unitarianism and Universalism • New style of preaching • New colleges in North • Missionary movement in the South

31. A chance for change… • Southern missionaries goal to minister to slaves as well as the yeoman farmer • Slave owners and Anglican Church defended slavery “as a Providential way for Africans to become Christians” (Boles) • Attack on elites traditional popular culture • New Light Separate Baptists • Waller’s story… • Hierarchical authority vs. Brother and Sister • An exception, Robert Carter III’s Deed of Gift

32. :Yeocomicobaptist church Mt. shilohbaptist church

33. Awakening results: • Questioning of authority • Ignoring the power of C of E bishops over Anglicans …can lead to same questioning of King • Strengthens the sense of the individual • Intercolonial contact via media

34. Revolution Influence • Virginia’s Declaration of Rights by George Mason in June 1776 • Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson in July 1776 • James Madison’s 1785 Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments • Jefferson’s 1786 Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom • United States Constitution

35. First Amendment • Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

36. Wars for Empire

37. World Wars and the Colonies • King William’s 1689-97 • Queen Anne’s 1702-1713 • King George’s 1740-48 • French and Indian 1754+ or • Seven Years War 1756

38. Colonial Governments • Appointed Governors • 2 house legislatures with the power to … • Initiate legislation • Elect leadership • Discipline own members • “power of the purse” • DISTANCE the key

39. 1713-55 population • 1.33 million • demand for land • 1754 Ben Franklin’s Albany Plan … “Join or Die”

42. Treaty of Paris 1763 • France is gone! • GB gets Canada and east of Miss.River • Spain gets Cuba for Florida • Spain gets west