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Bit of Administration ….

Bit of Administration …. Reading BSNV Chaps. 9 and 15 No Mathieu office hours today (Monday)! Additional observations for Lab 2, through April 5 Due April 7 in lecture or April 9 at Mathieu office 12-week exam in two weeks - April 12, 7:15 pm Review session, Sunday, April 11, 6:30 pm.

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Bit of Administration ….

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  1. Bit of Administration …. • Reading • BSNV Chaps. 9 and 15 • No Mathieu office hours today (Monday)! • Additional observations for Lab 2, through April 5 • Due April 7 in lecture or April 9 at Mathieu office • 12-week exam in two weeks - April 12, 7:15 pm • Review session, Sunday, April 11, 6:30 pm

  2. The Solar System • A Sense of Scale

  3. The Solar System • A Sense of Scale

  4. The Solar System • A Sense of Scale

  5. The Solar System • Inventory • Sun 99.85% by mass • Planets 0.1 % by mass • Satellites and Rings • Asteroids • Comets • Meteroids • Dust • Solar Wind (ionized gas)

  6. The Solar System • Inventory - “Sedna”

  7. The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical • Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric)

  8. The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical • Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric) • All orbit within 10o of Earth’s orbital plane

  9. The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Dynamical • Nearly circular orbits (Mercury and Mars most eccentric) • All orbit within 10o of Earth’s orbital plane • All revolve in the same direction • All rotate in the same direction (except Venus)

  10. The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Radius

  11. The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Age • Earth - Oldest rocks 3.9 billion yr (4.5 billion yr inferred) • Moon - 4.5 billion yr • Meteorites - 4.6 billion yr • Sun - 4.6 billion (theoretical) • Universe - 12 billion yr

  12. Jupiter Saturn Uranus Nepture Mercury Venus Earth Mars Io Europa Ganymede Callisto The Solar System • General Characteristics of Major Planets - Physical Properties Terrestrial Location Inner Size Small (104 km) Mass 0.1 - 1.0 MEarth Density 5 gm cm-3 Appearance Rock with craters, volcanos Composition Heavy elements 7 Giant Satellites Outer Small (4000 km) 0.01 MEarth 2-3 gm cm-3 Rock, ice with craters, volcanos Heavy elements, ices Jovian Outer Large (105 km) 15 - 300 MEarth 1 gm cm-3 Gaseous, with rock cores Hydrogen, helium Notes: Densities: Rock = 3 gm cm-3, Water = 1 gm cm-3 Composition of Sun and Universe by numbers of atoms: 94% H, 6% He, 2% all else

  13. The Formation of the Solar System

  14. The Formation of the Solar System • Interstellar Clouds • By Mass • 73% Molecular Hydrogen • 25%Atomic Helium • 2% Dust (Metals)

  15. ConcepTest! The Taurus clouds are thought to be rather cold, with temperatures of perhaps 30 K. If you wanted to test this hypothesis by looking for light emitted by the Taurus clouds, in what wavelength would you want to observe? A) X-ray B) Ultraviolet C) Optical D) Infrared E) Radio

  16. The Formation of the Solar System • Dense Molecular Cores • (“Bok Globules”) • ≈ 1 Mo • ≈ 50,000 AU • ≈ 10 oK

  17. The Formation of the Solar System

  18. The Formation of the Solar System • Protoplanetary Disks • ≈ 0.01 Mo • ≈ 100 AU • ≈ 3000 -> 10 oK

  19. The Formation of the Solar System

  20. The Formation of the Solar System • Condensation Sequence • Condensation Temperature • Temperature at which Solid Gas T > 50 oK T > 200 oK T > 1000 oK Hydrogen (H) Helium (He) H20, Methane (CH4) CO2, Ammonia (NH3) Iron (Fe), Silicon (Si) Metal Compounds Gas Gas Gas Ice Gas Gas Rock Rock Gas

  21. The Formation of the Solar System • Condensation Sequence E J V M M 1000 K 200 K Rock, Ice Grains Rock Grains No Grains

  22. The Formation of the Solar System

  23. 100 km The Formation of the Solar System • Grain Collisions ==> Planetesimals (100 km) • random

  24. The Formation of the Solar System • Planetesimal Accretion ==> Rocky Planets and Jovian Cores • gravity

  25. The Formation of the Solar System • Gas Accumulation ==> H and He onto Jovian Cores • gravity Protomoons

  26. ConcepTest! Most comets have orbits that take them well beyond Jupiter. You would expect their composition to be: A) Rocks and heavy elements only B) Rocks and ices only C) Rocks, ices, and hydrogen and helium

  27. The Formation of the Solar System

  28. The Formation of the Solar System • Dispersal of Hydrogen and Helium Gas • Solar Wind? • Jets?

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