The Tar Heel Certificate Program in Research Administration

1. The Tar Heel Certificate Program in Research Administration The Research Administration Professional Friday, September 10, 2004

2. Research Administration Noble Profession!

3. Research Administration Noble Profession!

4. When did the federal government become involved in funding university research?

5. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Before WWII • Mainly internal sources • Notable exception – Agriculture • Morrill Act of 1862: Land-Grant Colleges • 30,000 acres of federal land/congressional representative to each State

6. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Sold to provide a perpetual endowment fund for: • “at least one college where the leading object shall be, without excluding other scientific and classical studies and including military tactics, to teach such branches of learning as are related to agriculture and the mechanic arts…” • Kentucky (50¢/acre) – Cornell ($5.50/acre)

7. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Second Morrill Act of 1890 • In order to get $, State had to show that race was not a criterion for admission to land-grant institution or • Designate a separate land-grant college for blacks • “1890 land-grants” created all over the then- segregated South

10. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Hatch Act of 1887: Agriculture Experiment Station • Annual appropriation – State match required • Smith-Lever Act of 1914: Cooperative Extension Service • Annual appropriation – State match required • Current federal $ from various acts > $550 million annually

11. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • During WWII • University scientists mobilized to apply expertise to war effort • National Defense Research Council • Formed by FDR in June, 1940 • Forum for bringing university/industry/ government scientists together • 18 month “head-start” on Pearl Harbor

12. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Office of Scientific Research and Defense (OSRD) • May 1941 • Dr. Vannevar Bush, Director • Mission “to explore a possible government role to encourage future scientific progress.” • Civilian, not military, control

13. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • OSRD contracted work to other institutions • Carnegie Institute of Technology – Large Rocket Lab • MIT – Radiation Lab • Western Electric and Bell Labs – Sound Amplification • Emphasis on concentrated, massive rapid development • Production from model to field e.g., Japanese torpedo jammer developed in one week

14. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Three critical secret projects pivotal to allied victory in WWII • Atomic bomb (Manhattan project) • Radar • 1935 – NRL – ship radar • 1942 – MIT – high-frequency, narrow-beam, high-resolution • Manufactured by Sperry, Westinghouse, Philco (for aircraft)

15. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Proximity (variable time) fuze • Prior to WWII – timed fuze or contact fuze • Neither effective against highly maneuverable airplanes • Section T – Applied Physics Lab at Johns Hopkins University assigned task of developing proximity fuze for Navy’s 5” guns

16. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Theory • Fuze contains miniature radio transmitter-receiver • Sends out signal • When signal reflected back from target reaches a certain frequency (caused by proximity to target) a circuit closes firing a small charge which detonates projectile

17. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Problems • Components – tiny glass vacuum tubes • Force of 20,000 g’s when fired (2800 ft./sec. muzzle velocity) • 25,000 revolutions/minute through rifling grooves • Moisture • Self-destruct feature for dudes

18. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Importance to war effort • James V. Forrestal, Secretary of the Navy said, “The proximity fuze has helped me blaze the trail to Japan. Without the protection this ingenious device has given the surface ships of the fleet, our westward push could not have been so swift and the cost in men and ships would have been immeasurably greater” • Prime Minister, Winston S. Churchill was quoted with “These so- called proximity fuzes, made in the United States.., proved potent against the small unmanned aircraft (V-1) with which we were assailed in 1944.” • And Commanding General of the Third Army, George S. Patton said, “The funny fuze won the Battle of the Bulge for us. I think that when all armies get this shell we will have to devise some new method of warfare.”

19. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Bush’s final report The Endless Frontier • Two principles for expanding R & D in U.S. Universities • Federal government as patron of science • Government support should ensure a free rein of investigation by scientists into topics and methods of their choice

20. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • This report lead to the establishment of National Science Foundation (NSF) in 1950 • Independent government agency • National Science Board • 24 members plus director • Appointed by President

21. History: External Support for University Research in U.S. • Responsible for promoting science and engineering • Six priority areas: • Mathematical Sciences • Social, Behavioral, and Economic Sciences • Biocomplexity in the Environment • Information Technology Research • Nanoscale Science and Engineering • Learning for the 21st Century Workforce

22. Excerpts from the State of the Union Address January 4, 1950 Sound bite Transcript: "The value of our natural resources is constantly being increased by the progress of science. Research is finding new ways of using such natural assets as minerals, sea water, and plant life. In the peaceful development of atomic energy, particularly, we stand on the threshold of new wonders. The first experimental machines for producing useful power from atomic energy are now under construction. We have made truly the first beginnings in this field, but in the perspective of history, they may loom larger than the first airplane, or even the first tools that started man on the road to civilization.” Harry S. Truman

23. Research Trends • History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding • History of Research & Funding at Carolina • Present Research & Funding at Carolina • Future ? ?

24. History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding National R&D Funding

26. Trtot05p

27. History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding • National R&D Funding Increase in Federal Health Funding

29. History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding • National R&D Funding • Increase in Federal Health Funding R&D at Colleges Increasing

30. 05p2

31. actrnd03

32. History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding • National R&D Funding • Increase in Federal Health Funding • R&D at Colleges Increasing • Most of Life Science Increase is NIH

33. Cht9005a

34. aclifp03

35. History & Projections of U.S. Research Funding • National R&D Funding • Increase in Federal Health Funding • R&D at Colleges Increasing • Most of Life Science Increase is NIH Projected Non-defense R&D next 5 years

36. 05pf1

37. 05pf2

38. Conclusions • Funding increased significantly over last 50 years • Health funding increased • NIH bolus • Flattening in next 5 years

39. History of Research & Funding at Carolina From 1960 to present

40. Awards in Millionsat UNC-CH

41. History of Research & Funding at Carolina • From 1960 to present A look at 1971 - 72

42. $ 38.8 million in awards • Arts & Sciences 4.5 million (11.6%) • Classics department • Botany department • City & Regional Planning department • School of Medicine 11.5 million (28.4%) • Medicine, Biochemistry & Psychiatry large • Health Sciences 30.1 million (77.5%) • More than 90% Federal Funding • In the top 25 • Had a total of 5 centers and 4 institutes

43. History of Research & Funding at Carolina • From 1960 to present • A look at 1971 – 72 Dependence on Federal Funding

44. Trends of Federally Sponsored Awards at UNC-CH

45. History of Research & Funding at Carolina • From 1960 to present • A look at 1971 – 72 • Dependence on Federal Funding Importance of Research vs State Appropriation

46. Sponsored awards vs state appropriations at UNC-CH

47. Present Research & Funding at Carolina $577.6 million

48. Slide C1 pie chart (from Andrew)

49. Present Research & Funding at Carolina • $577.6million Federal at 75% of funding

50. 2004 Funding by Source