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Intelligence (Chapter 11)

Intelligence (Chapter 11). Lecture Outline : History of intelligence IQ and normal distributions Measurement. Psychophysical Energy, sensitivity to physical stimuli Galton (1883) and later Cattell (1890) proposed psychophysical tests measured ability Contribution: Psychometrics.

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Intelligence (Chapter 11)

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  1. Intelligence (Chapter 11) Lecture Outline: History of intelligence IQ and normal distributions Measurement

  2. Psychophysical Energy, sensitivity to physical stimuli Galton (1883) and later Cattell (1890) proposed psychophysical tests measured ability Contribution: Psychometrics Mental judgement Good sense, practical sense, initiative, reasoning Binet & Simon (1916) diagnosed “mental defectives” in Paris Contribution: Testing and IQ Two Views of Intelligence

  3. What is an Intelligence Quotient? • IQ = (MA / CA) X 100 • MA = Mental age, CA = Chronological age • 8 year old with MA of 12 has IQ of 150 • Problem across life span, such as someone age 30 with MA of someone 45

  4. What is intelligence? • Goal directed adaptive behavior • IQ tests define a domain of skills necessary to succeed in school What is the environment being adapted to? What is the goal? What is the goal?

  5. Measuring intelligence

  6. Assessing intelligence • Stanford Binet- Revised: Short-term memory, Verbal, Quantitative, and Figural Abstract Reasoning • Wechsler Scales: Verbal, Performance, and Total IQ scores (WAIS-III, WISC-III, WPPSI) • Individually administered in standard fashion • Environment was controlled so that other explanations of performance (e.g., bored, poor vision, nervous, cold) could be addressed

  7. Validity: Example of SAT • Face validity: Does the test make sense? • Predictive validity: Does it predict Acadia grades? • Concurrent validity: Were they related to Grade 12 grades? • Construct validity: Does the SAT measure the construct it is supposed to measure?

  8. Reliability • Test-retest: Take the same test • Alternate forms: Two forms, such as early Stanford-Binet • Internal consistency: The extent to which items measure the same thing - psychophysical measures did not • Inter-rater reliability: Do 2 people score things the same?

  9. Intelligence (Chapter 11) Second Lecture Outline: Theoretical models Cultural context Diagnostic issues

  10. Definitions • Aptitude: Ability to learn in a specific area • Achievement: What is already learned in an area • Psychometric: Psychological measurement • Metacognition: Understanding and control of thought processes

  11. Spearman’s Model

  12. Thurstone’s model: seven primary mental abilities

  13. Fluid intelligence Understanding abract and novel relations Inductive reasoning and analogies Creative relationships Crystallized Intelligence Accumulation of knowledge Vocabulary and general information Knowing lots of “stuff” Cattell’s (1971) Two Subfactors

  14. Lawyer : Courtroom :: Surgeon : (a. Operating Room b. Medicine) • Information Processing in complex tasks -- bright people plan tasks • First, you must infer a relationship between lawyer and courtroom • Second, you must map the first part of the analogy to the second part • Third, you must apply the inferred relationship to determine the final term

  15. Lateral thinking puzzles • Q: Deep in the forest was found the body of a man who was wearing only swimming trunks, snorkel and facemask. The nearest lake was 8 miles away and the sea was 100 miles away. How had he died? • A: During a forest fire, a fire-fighting plane had scooped up some water from the lake to drop on the fire. The plane had accidentally picked up the unfortunate swimmer. • Q: A man pushed his car. He stopped when he reached a hotel at which point he knew he was bankrupt. Why? • A: He was playing Monopoly. • Q: A man died and went to Heaven. There were thousands of naked people there and all looked as they did at the age of 21. He looked around to see if there was anyone he recognised. He saw a couple and he knew immediately that they were Adam and Eve. How did he know? • A: He recognized Adam and Eve as the only people without navels. Because they were not born of women, they had never had umbilical cords and therefore they never had navels.

  16. Cultural context of intelligence • Kpelle tribe of Africa sorted words by function rather than hierarchically • Chi-Chewa tribe of Zambia have phrase nzelu that incorporates intelligence with wisdom and responsibility • In the United States, immigrants typically do less well on intelligence tests: cultural content of items • “Snow” in the Arctic

  17. Mental Retardation is at low end Dx when IQ and adaptive behavior is low Mild 50-70 Moderate 35-55 Severe 20-40 Profound <25 Gifted at high end 1% have IQ > 135 Terman’s longitudinal study documenting “success” of men with IQ >140 School program Mensa: IQ 130 or 98th percentile Extremes of intelligence

  18. Normal curve of IQ scores

  19. Heritability of Intelligence • Separated identical twin studies • Identical (100%) vs. Fraternal (50%) twin studies • Adoption studies comparing birth to adoptive parents • Heritability of intelligence is around 50% due to polygenic inheritance

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