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Intelligence (Chapter 11)

Intelligence (Chapter 11). Second Lecture Outline : Theoretical models Cultural context Diagnostic issues. Normal curve of IQ scores. Definitions. Aptitude: Ability to learn in a specific area Achievement: What is already learned in an area Psychometric: Psychological measurement

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Intelligence (Chapter 11)

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  1. Intelligence (Chapter 11) Second Lecture Outline: Theoretical models Cultural context Diagnostic issues

  2. Normal curve of IQ scores

  3. Definitions • Aptitude: Ability to learn in a specific area • Achievement: What is already learned in an area • Psychometric: Psychological measurement • Metacognition: Understanding and control of thought processes

  4. Spearman’s Model

  5. Thurstone’s model: seven primary mental abilities

  6. Fluid intelligence Understanding abract and novel relations Inductive reasoning and analogies Creative relationships Crystallized Intelligence Accumulation of knowledge Vocabulary and general information Knowing lots of “stuff” Cattell’s (1971) Two Subfactors

  7. Lawyer : Courtroom :: Surgeon : (a. Operating Room b. Medicine) • Information Processing in complex tasks -- bright people plan tasks • First, you must infer a relationship between lawyer and courtroom • Second, you must map the first part of the analogy to the second part • Third, you must apply the inferred relationship to determine the final term

  8. Lateral thinking puzzles • Q: Deep in the forest was found the body of a man who was wearing only swimming trunks, snorkel and facemask. The nearest lake was 8 miles away and the sea was 100 miles away. How had he died? • A: During a forest fire, a fire-fighting plane had scooped up some water from the lake to drop on the fire. The plane had accidentally picked up the unfortunate swimmer. • Q: A man pushed his car. He stopped when he reached a hotel at which point he knew he was bankrupt. Why? • A: He was playing Monopoly. • Q: A man died and went to Heaven. There were thousands of naked people there and all looked as they did at the age of 21. He looked around to see if there was anyone he recognised. He saw a couple and he knew immediately that they were Adam and Eve. How did he know? • A: He recognized Adam and Eve as the only people without navels. Because they were not born of women, they had never had umbilical cords and therefore they never had navels.

  9. Cultural context of intelligence • Kpelle tribe of Africa sorted words by function rather than hierarchically • Chi-Chewa tribe of Zambia have phrase nzelu that incorporates intelligence with wisdom and responsibility • In the United States, immigrants typically do less well on intelligence tests: cultural content of items • “Snow” in the Arctic

  10. Mental Retardation is at low end Dx when IQ and adaptive behavior is low Mild 50-70 Moderate 35-55 Severe 20-40 Profound <25 Gifted at high end 1% have IQ > 135 Terman’s longitudinal study documenting “success” of men with IQ >140 School program Mensa: IQ 130 or 98th percentile Extremes of intelligence

  11. Heritability of Intelligence • Separated identical twin studies • Identical (100%) vs. Fraternal (50%) twin studies • Adoption studies comparing birth to adoptive parents • Heritability of intelligence is around 50% due to polygenic inheritance

  12. Environment X Aptitude Interaction

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