Learning and Cognition

1. Learning and Cognition Imagery 17 August 2006

2. Dual Coding Theory(Paivio, 1965) String Tree Coffee Dress Shoe House Pencil Garden Wheat Potato Woman River Chair Magazine Flower Star Idea Moment Soul Opinion Effort Freedom Series Health Truth Duty Fate Theory Event Fact Virtue History

3. Dual Coding Theory(Paivio, 1965) Imagery Ratings 4.70 2.90 Concrete Words Abstract Words

4. Paired Associate Learning Task pencil – garden string – tree woman – river shoe – house flower – star dress – coffee chair – magazine wheat – potato

5. Paired Associate Learning Task event – fact effort – freedom truth – duty virtue – history series – health idea – moment soul – opinion fate – theory

6. Paired Associate Learning(Paivio, 1965) Proportion Correct 0.71 0.38 Concrete Words Abstract Words

7. Dual Coding Theory Verbal code Visual code Concrete Words Verbal code Abstract Words

8. Imagery Mnemonics • Method of loci • Pegword mnemonic • Keyword technique

9. Method of Loci Mental Imagery Item Familiar location

10. Method of Loci

11. Pegword Mnemonic Mental Imagery Item Pegword

12. Rhyme One is a bun Two is a shoe Three is a tree Four is a door Five is a hive Six is sticks Seven is heaven Eight is a gate Nine is wine Ten is a hen

13. Pegword Mnemonic Item Sailboat Cat Violin Pegword Bun Shoe Tree

14. Imagery Mnemonics Effectiveness • Type of stimulus material Concrete • Kind of images formed Interacting ( bizarre)

15. Interacting Images(Bower, 1970) • Paired associate learning task e.g. rock – bottle, goat – pipe, sofa – elephant, ... • Instructions • Rote rehearsal • Interactive imagery • Separation imagery

16. Interacting Images Prop. Correct Recall

17. Bizarre Images(Wollen, Weber & Lowry, 1972)

18. Bizarre Images Prop. Correct Recall 0.74 0.36 0.54 0.56 Interacting Pictures Non-interacting Pictures Bizarre Pictures Non-bizarre Pictures

19. Application • Foreign language vocabulary learning Paired associate learning task (Foreign word – English translation) • Keyword technique • Associate foreign word with keyword • Form image of keyword interacting with English translation e.g. Spanish (PATO – pot – DUCK)

20. Application A good keyword • Sounds as much as possible like part of the foreign word • Is different from the other keywords • Easily forms an interactive image with the English translation

21. Application(Atkinson & Raugh, 1975) Russian Keyword Translation VNIMANIE [pneumonia] ATTENTION STRANA [straw man] COUNTRY GORA [garage] MOUNTAIN OSEN [ocean] AUTUMN SEVER [saviour] NORTH DYM [dim] SMOKE POEZD [poised] TRAIN

22. Application % Correct Translations 46 72 Control Keyword Technique