Extrinsic risk factors

1. Extrinsic risk factors

2. 2 categories of causes… • Intrinsic (internal) – occur as a result of an internal force within our body • Extrinsic (external) – occur as a result of an external force from outside our bodies

3. Extrinsic Risk Factors • 4 main categories of extrinsic risk: • Not adopting good practice • Poor coaching and leadership • Clothing, footwear and equipment • Safety Hazards • TASK: What sort of risks would come under each category? Some overlap of risks between categories

4. Not adopting good practice • Warm up cool down • Correct lifting technique • Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules

5. Warm up/ cool down What is the purpose of a warm up? And what's the purpose of cooling down?

6. Warm Up/ Cool down • Warm up: • Prepare the body for exercise • Cool down: • Safety returns body to pre- exercise state • Types of stretching: Static, Dynamic and Proprioceptive Neuromuscular Facilitation (PNF)

7. What makes a good warm-up? How can we prevent poor warm ups?

8. Technique • A number of overuse injuries are clearly related to sports or exercise technique • e.g. tennis elbow • Often it is the repetition of an action with faulty technique that results in excessive load on tissues and subsequent injury • E.g. tennis elbow is usually an injury to an extensor tendon of the wrist.

9. Adhering to National Governing Body guidelines and rules • Rules are designed to keep people safe whist participating in a particular sport • Task: • In pairs choose 3 different sports • Identify what rules or guidelines are in place to maintain safety of athletes

10. Examples • Boxing: NGB guidelines ensure weight categories are adhered to • F1 racing: NGB guidelines ensure drivers wear fire resistant clothing • Football: No tackles from behind How can we prevent against people not adhering to rules and guidelines?

11. Poor coaching/ leadership • Coaching/ leadership style • Observation of participants • Organisation of participants • Communication • Safe practise • avoidance of overtraining • Avoidance of excessive load on the body

12. Coaching/ leadership style and Communication • Different leadership styles required in different situations • Autocratic • Democratic • Different people react to different leadership styles How can we prevent this?

13. Observation of participants • Participants should be monitored at all times • Ensure safety of group • Ensure correct technique How can we prevent this?

14. Organisation of participants • This links back to NGB rules and regulations • Athletes can be organised by • Age • Gender • Weight How can we prevent this?

15. Avoidance of overtraining • Coaches should put together a training schedule for athletes to stick to • This should include days off to rest and recovery • If athletes train too hard too often the body cannot cope with the additional stress = Injury occurs

16. Excessive load on the body • The tissues of the body are capable of withstanding considerable stress • 3 times the body weight to go through the body even when jogging slowly • However, tissues that have not been accustomed to such forces will not have adapted to withstand them and are therefore likely to be injured when they are applied • Children and Novices

17. Excessive load on the body • Certain types of movement demand that the body develops force rapidly • Sprinting and jumping • Therefore = this type of training or activity must be gradually introduced as part of a training programme • Should follow a period of several weeks of general training

18. Clothing, footwear and equipment • Appropriate clothing/ footwear (indoor/outdoor) • Protective clothing

19. Appropriate clothing/ footwear • Wearing appropriate clothing can help you perform well in your sport • If it isn’t worn injuries and illnesses can occur • Eg. Playing rugby on a hot day in a jersey tracksuit top and bottoms body temperature = severe dehydration

20. Protective clothing • Protective clothing is used in almost every sport • What sports can you think off which use protective clothing? How can we prevent this?

21. Safety Hazards • Environment safety checks • Equipment safety checks • First aid provision • Risk Assessments

22. Environment & Equipment checks • Checking the playing environment and equipment for hazards is the easiest way of prevention injuries such as contusions and abrasions • Therefore risk assessments should be undertaken

23. First aid • Why is first aid important?

24. Environment • Athletes often train and compete in different countries and therefore have to adapt to different climates • Therefore coaches need to consider the effect of the environment • Paula Radcliffe, Olympics in Athens 2004 • England football team, Germany 2006