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Discover how America emerged as a global power during WWII, facing challenges and victories in a transformative era of warfare and societal change.
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Chapter 35 America in World War II, 1941–1945
I. The Allies Trade Space for Time • Time was most needed • America needed time to retool itself for war • U.S. to send food and munitions to its allies II. The Shock of War • National unity was strong after Pearl Harbor • Executive Order No. 9066 • Japanese internment (Korematsu v. U.S., 1944) • War changed American’s mood • The era of the New Deal was over • U.S. government now put emphasis on action.
III. Building the War Machine • American economy snapped to attention • War Production Board (WPB) • Organized nation’s industrial /agricultural output • The Office of Price Administration (OPA) • Rationing, limit inflation / shortages • The National War Labor Board (NWLB) • Imposed ceilings on wage increases • Labor conditions • Labor union membership increased • The Smith-Connally Anti-StrikeAct (June, 1943) • Feds could limit strikes
IV. Manpower and Womanpower • The armed service enlistments • 15 million men, 216,000 women (noncombat) • The Bracero program • Imported Mexican agricultural workers • 6 million women took jobs outside their homes • Government set up 3,000 day-care centers • The war foreshadowed an eventual revolution • Women’s role in American society / business
V. Wartime Migrations • Demographic changes • 15 million men and women moved permanently • Urban areas grew, California’s population increased • Blacks moved north & west (The Great Migration) • Exodus of Native Americans from reservations • Work in factories, joined military • Served as “code talkers” • Races rubbing together created racial friction
VI. Holding the Home Front • Americans on the home front suffered little • More jons, higher wages • Corporate profits doubled in one year • The hand of the government touched lives more • Draft, rationing, direct industry/agriculture • Signaled era of big-government interventionism • The conflict was phenomenally expensive • The income tax expanded, rate rose as high as 90% • The national debt skyrocketed
VII. The Rising Sun in the Pacific • Early success of the efficient Japanese militarists • Goal to win quickly (or they’d lose slowly) • Japan controlled eastern & then SE Asia • Japan expanded into the Pacific Ocean • The Philippines • Japanese Victory (Manila, Corregidor) • Bataan Death March to prisoner-of-war camps
VIII. Japan’s High Tide at Midway • Battle of Coral Sea (May 1942) • Carrier-based battle, draw, stop Australian invasion • Epochal Battle of Midway, (June, 1942) • Pivotal battle & U.S. Victory • Showed Japanese imperialists were overextended
IX. American frogging Toward Tokyo • America seized the initiative in the Pacific • Island hopping strategy • Bypassing heavily fortified Japanese islands • Capturing nearby islands • Bombing of Japan (Nov., 1944)
X. The Allied Halting of Hitler • Allies win Battle of Atlantic (1942) • Turning points against Hitler (1942-1943) • German cities bombed by U.S. & G.B. • Allied victory in North Africa • Soviets stop Germans in Stalingrad • Decisive battle in the east
XI. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome • Allies attack "soft underbelly” of Europe (Italy) • Casablanca Conference (FDR & Churchill Jan ‘43) • Step up the Pacific war • Invade Sicily • Insist on “unconditional surrender” of the enemy
XII. D-Day: June 6, 1944 • Soviets wanted a “second front” against Germany • 20 million had died fighting against Nazi Germany • D-Day, June 6, 1944 (Normandy, France) • Allied invasion of Nazi control Europe • Largest military operation ever • Paris liberated (August, 1944) • Huge gains by U.S. tanks (Patton) • Aachen, Germany captured (October 1944)
XIII. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 • The presidential campaign of 1944 • Republicans: Thomas E. • Democrats: FDR (the “indispensable man”) XIV. Roosevelt Defeats Dewey • Results of the election: • Roosevelt won a sweeping victory • FDR victory 432 to 99 in the Electoral College • FDR popular vote 25,606,585 to 22,014,745 • Deciding factors • Successful war & future foreign policy issues
XV. The Last Days of Hitler • Battle of The Bulge • Dec, 1944 (Ardennes Forest), Allied victory • Elbe River(April 1945) U.S./Soviets clasped hands • Holocaust publically revealed • U.S. government had long been informed • FDR dies, April 12, 1945 • Vice President Truman took the helm • Adolf Hitler commits suicide on April 30, 1945 • May 7, 1945, Germany surrenders unconditionally • May 8 V-E (Victory in Europe) Day
XVI. Japan Dies Hard • Subs “The silent service” • Destroyed 50% of Japan’s merchant fleet • Giant bomber attacks were more spectacular • U.S. (General MacArthur) Pacific victories • Leyte Gulf (Oct. 1944) • Iwo Jima (March 1945) • Okinawa (June 1945) • Japanese suicide pilots (“kamikazes”)
XVII. The Atomic Bombs • The Potsdam Conference (Truman, Stalin, Churchill) • Japan told surrender or die, USSR would invade • The Manhattan Project developed the A-Bomb • Tested July, 1945 near Alamogordo, New Mexico • On August 6, 1945, U.S. bombed Hiroshima, Japan • On August 8, Stalin entered the war against Japan • On August 9 American aviators bomb Nagasaki • On August 10, 1945 Tokyo sued for peace • V-J (Victory in Japan) Day • Official surrender Sept.2, 1945
XVIII. The Allies Triumphant • U.S. ~400,000 killed (USSR ~25 mil) • Total war – more civilians killed than soldiers • Keys to U.S. success • More men, weapons, machines, technology, money • American leadership (politically & militarily) • Collaboration with other nations (mostly G.B.) • Industrial production (Gov’t, owners & workers) • Commitment to democracy • U.S. Now the world’s leader (mil & econ)
