Latin American Revolution: Leaders and Influences

1. 9/28 Focus: • Latin leaders such as Toussaint L’ Ouverture, Simon Bolivar, and Jose de San Martin led popular movements to overthrow European rule. • Important Terms • Do Now: • Which social class in the Spanish class system was most familiar with enlightenment ideas?

2. Enlightenment, French Revolution, Napoleon, Latin American Revolution Test Review

3. Enlightenment • Ideas opposed absolute monarchy • Influenced by the Scientific Revolutions use of reason and natural • John Locke believed all people had natural rights of Life, Liberty, and property; gov’t protects peoples basic rights and if not can be overthrown; influenced Jefferson and the writing of the Declaration of Independence

4. Enlightenment • Montesquieu: separation o powers and 3 branches of government • Voltaire: Freedom of speech and press; religious freedom and toleration • Rousseau: support the statement that all men are created equal; people make agreement to follow the “general will”

5. According to John Locke, the chief role of government was to: • Protect natural rights • Fight territorial wars • Ensure the wealth of citizens • Redistribute land

6. Which idea became a central belief of the Enlightenment? • The use of reason would lead to human progress. • Mathematics could be used to solve all human problems. • The ancient Romans had the best form of government. • People should give up their natural rights to their rulers.

7. Locke’s Two Treatises of Government, Rousseau’s The Social Contract, and Montesquieu’s The Spirit of the Laws were works written during which time period? • Middle Ages • Renaissance • Enlightenment • Reformation

8. Philosophers of the Enlightenment period believed that society could best be improved by: • relying on faith and divine right • borrowing ideas from ancient Greece and Rome • applying reason and the laws of nature • studying the practices of successful leaders ruling cities of 100,000 to 300,000 people

9. The ideas of Rousseau, Voltaire, and Montesquieu most influenced: • the growing power of priests in the Roman Catholic Church • improvements in the working conditions of factory workers • the rise of industrial capitalism • movements for political reform

10. The Enlightenment philosophers believed that the power of government is derived from: • divine right ruler • the middle class • a strong military • those who are governed

11. Causes of the French Revolution • The wars and debt of Louis XIV • Weak leadership of Louis XVI • inequalities in the tax structure • Third Estate paid ALL the taxes, First and Second paid no taxes • Inspired by the American Revolution and Enlightenment

12. Robespierre and the Reign of Terror • After a few years of an unstable gov’t the radical Jacobin Club comes to power • Robespierre and other radicals started Reign of Terror • Committee of Public Safety • purged and violently killed his opponents (anti-revolutionaries) • Reign of Terror ended after Robespierre’s death

13. Napoleon • Nationalist leader that provided stability for France • Napoleonic Code: codified laws of France; included enlightenment ideas but limited some freedoms • Expanded the French Empire (1799-1815) with the Napoleonic Wars • Continental System- required that countries not trade with Britain • Finally defeated in Russia because of the harsh winter and large size • loss at the Battle of Waterloo ended the Age of Napoleon • Followed by the Congress of Vienna • Increased Nationalism and spread ideals of the revolution through Europe

14. What was a major cause of the French Revolution? • inequalities in the tax structure • economic success of mercantilism • failure of the Congress of Vienna • Continental System in Europe

15. Which factors protected Russia from control by Napoleon’s army? • religious and cultural similarities • industrialization and modernization • geographic size and location • political and economic instability

16. Which geographic factor in Russia played a role in Napoleon’s defeat in 1812 and Hitler’s defeat at Stalingrad in 1943? • Siberian tundra • Caspian Sea • arid land • harsh climate

17. Which description most accurately describes the Reign of Terror • limited the power of absolute leaders • illustrated the power of public opinion in forming national policy • established social stability and economic growth • used violent methods to eliminate their opponents

18. Which document created during the French Revolution reflected enlightenment ideas of natural law? • The Magna Carta • The Petition of Right • The Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen • The Declaration of Independence

19. Which European ruler was most responsible for stirring nationalistic feelings across Europe and Latin America • King Louis XVI • George Washington • Czar Alexander II • Napoleon

20. Latin American Revolutions • Enlightenment and revolutionary ideas spread from Europe and the United States to Latin America • Inspired by the American and French Revolutions • Enlightenment ideas • Nationalistic feelings

21. Latin American Revolutionary Leaders • Lead liberation movements in their countries • Encouraged nationalistic feelings within their countries • Haiti- Toussaint L’ Ouverture • South America- Simon Bolivar • South America- Jose de San Martin • Mexico-Miguel Hidalgo

22. 1) Simon Bolivar, Jose de San Martin, and Toussaint L’ Ouverture are best known as: • Scientists who supported the heliocentric theory • Leaders of the Latin American Independence movements • Early Spanish explorers • Communist leaders of the 19th century

23. 2) The Enlightenment and the American Revolution were both major influences on 19th century uprisings in: • Latin America • The Middle East • Austria • Japan