Chapter 5 Issues

1. Chapter 5 Issues To what extent is the rejection of liberalism justified? Why did ideologies that rejected liberalism emerge? How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens?

2. Chapter 5 vocabulary Censorship Collectivization Communism Dissent Fascism Reactionary Totalitarianism Define these terms

3. Exploring Authoritarianism • Authoritarianism: • An approach to government in which the leadership is: • Broad term applied to systems of government not freely elected by, or accountable to, the people it governs, they do not provide • democratic, civil and human rights typically associated with modern liberal democracies • Often driven by desire to remake their nation, and sometimes the world, fit their particular ideological perspective

4. Exploring Authoritarianism Dictatorships Oligarchies A government run by a small group of unelected individuals. May be a leader but power is more divided than in a dictatorship. Serves the interest of its small group. Referred to as minority tyranny • A specific kind of authoritarian system. • A true dictatorship is an autocracy. • To be labeled a true dictatorship there must be a single person in charge. • Saddam Hussein (Iraq) http://www.myweku.com/2011/03/list-of-african-dictators-and-longest-serving-leaders/ http://www.planetrulers.com/current-dictators/

5. Exploring Authoritarianism Theocracy Junta Oligarchies formed by the military officers. Control of trained soldiers and heavy weapons usually means they obtain power through a coup d'état (coup) Moussa Dadis Camara (Guinea) • Oligarchies can be formed on the basis of religion, race, or other factors. • A form of government where religious leaders have power over citizens. • If a single religious leader has absolute power, this could be considers a dictatorship instead of an oligarchy • Ayatollah Ali Khamenei (Iran)

6. Exploring Authoritarianism Coup d'état Revolution Characterized by wide spread support and participation of the populace in the government’s overthrow. • Existing government is overthrown by force • Usually a small number op people and not always with the general populations support.

7. Societal Conditions that Led to the Rise of Totalitarianism in the 20th century The two most influential ideologies that rejected liberalism– communism and fascism Both were totalitarian governments Totalitarianism is a political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life

8. Totalitarian Governments Can be a dictatorships or oligarchs What makes this form of rule distinctive is the degree of government control over the population. Leadership may be primarily focused on maintain political power and increasing their personal wealth. Citizens may have little contact with the Gov. if they go about their daily business (don’t draw unnecessary attention).

9. “everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” Mussolini Totalitarian systems attempt to impose its ideology on all citizens. Requires the Gov. to extend control throughout the fabric of society. Maintain political power by means of an official all-embracing ideology and through the state-controlled, mass media, propaganda Propaganda: information, ideas, or rumors deliberately spread widely to influence behavior help or harm a person, group, movement, institution, or nation.

10. Fill in examples as you read.

11. Figure 5-4 Draw figure 5-4 into your notes P.168 The totalitarianism of the USSR and Nazi Germany were attempts to hold off and reject the beliefs and values of liberalism: the individual and the principle of limited government.

12. Summary Answered the question, What are the main characteristics of authoritarian regimes? Share common rejections of fundamental principles of liberal democracy. Differ widely in their structure, foundation and goals. Executive power varies (single leader or dispersed) Can be based on long standing traditions, violent overthrow or abuse of executive power by elected officials Objectives can be varied --- want to help improve lives, seek wealth and power.

13. The Lure of Authoritarianism Regimes have been directly responsible for the systematic suppression of human rights, and countless deaths. Radical: Soviet Union where the desire is a move to the left ( classless society ) Reactionary: Fascism and Nazi Germany where the change is a move towards an idealized past.

14. Why might a population favor dictatorship over liberal democracy? SOMETHING TO THINK ABOUT! • Hitler and Stalin ordered the atrocities. • Carried out by legions of followers • Willing to turn on fellow human beings • “Good old days” • Arguable--- • Threat to liberal democracy is not that people will loose their freedom by force. • Willingly surrender their rights and freedoms to the individual or group that promises hope, security, or the glory of empire in return for obedience.

15. Both the Communist Party and the Nazi Party demanded: Support for the party (local, regional and national level) Controlled participation (forced into or excluded from youth, professional, cultural or athletic groups) Absolute loyalty to the leader and state ideology (secret police, terror, indoctrination via education and censorship of media used to achieve this)

16. The Rise of Communism • Found supporters --- • Rural peasants • Urban industrial workers • Students • Noted academics • Movements and political parties have developed on every major continent, and continued to exist today. • 1980s over 1/3 of worlds population lived under some form of communism.

17. Marxist Theory Pg. 136-137 • Review if you do not remember! • Marxism --- • Modified to suit economic circumstances & culture compositions of nations. • Marxist Gov. --- • Grounded in basic principles • Implemented to different degrees

18. HANDOUT Collectivism All individual are workers who labour together for the good of the group. The state provides everyone with the necessities of life Evolution & Dictatorship of the Proletariat Bourgeoisie governments are to be overthrown. A workers’ dictatorship will govern until communism is fully established and the state “withers away”. Egalitarianism All people, regardless of race, national origin, or gender, should be treated equally. Key Principles of Communist Ideology Internationalism Nationalism is largely irrelevant. Regardless of their nationality, most of the world’s people are workers. The true enemies are not other national groups, but the capitalists who exploit the workers in all nations. Public Enterprise Private ownership of the means of production should be eliminated. The state, representing the working class, should own all the industry and land.

19. Key Principles of Communist Ideology Evolution & Dictatorship of the Proletariat Bourgeoisie governments are to be overthrown. A workers’ dictatorship will govern until communism is fully established and the state “withers away”. Collectivism All individual are workers who labour together for the good of the group. The state provides everyone with the necessities of life Egalitarianism All people, regardless of race, national origin, or gender, should be treated equally. Public Enterprise Private ownership of the means of production should be eliminated. The state, representing the working class, should own all the industry and land. Internationalism Nationalism is largely irrelevant. Regardless of their nationality, most of the world’s people are workers. The true enemies are not other national groups, but the capitalists who exploit the workers in all nations.

20. Twentieth-Century rejection of Liberalism

21. Bloody Sunday( 1905) was an incident in St. Petersburg, Russia, where unarmed, peaceful demonstrators marching to present a petition to Tsar Nicholas II were gunned down by the Imperial Guard. • The march was organized, to create workers' organizations who had suffered from the great social inequalities of a laissez-faire capitalist system. (classical Liberalism) • A petition asked for recognition of basic human rights such as freedom, the press, religion, improved working conditions, fairer wages and an 8 hour work day.

22. THE RUSSIAN REVOLUTION

23. The Russian Revolution A reaction to the injustices of the authoritarian Czarist regime and uncontrolled free-market capitalism (classical Liberalism) Figure 5-5 How does this painting depict Russian society not meeting it citizens needs? Painting: cold, weary and poverty stricken. All their possessions Solitude and destitution Isolation and abandonment

24. Rasputin

25. Ineffectual reforms Pages 168-171 Make your own notes

26. Factors that led to the Communist revolution in 1917.

27. Russian failures in the First World War The weakness of Tsar Nicholas II All citizens were deprived of political rights Factors that led to the Communist revolution in 1917. The Worker is robbed and plundered by the capitalist Opposition of the Communists The discontent of the workers The February Revolution 1917

28. Lenin: A Portrait of a Revolutionary ** “What Marx’s put into words Lenin put into action” Marxism is a philosophy—Leninism is Marxism applied to the government in Russia 1.Leadership:a small professional revolutionary elite—lead the proletariat 2.Organization—centrally directed 3”No compromise between capitalism and communism”

29. Lenin 4.A Revolution—by force; overthrow the bourgeoisie 5. A class struggle—destroy the capitalist class and Classical Liberalism Called for an overthrow of the bourgeoisie The Bolsheviks ( communists ) sought to destroy the class-based system, rejected classical liberal economic principles and wanted to provide better working conditions.

30. REVOLUTION

31. “PEACE, LAND & BREAD”

32. October Revolution 1917 Took the government by force The majority of the peasants supported Lenin because he promised economic reform ( from classical liberalism) and promised to bring their sons home from World War 1 .

33. Understanding Propaganda Examine fig. 5-11 and 5-12 Describe the principles of liberalism being rejected.

34. Communism in the Soviet Union How did ideologies that rejected liberalism affect citizens ?

35. Figure 5-14 p.180 Refer to the site below: “The Commissar Vanishes” and read through the examples of Soviet propaganda. Note at least 6 examples of where the Soviets changed history and the facts. Example” By the 1930s Communist "truth" circulates worldwide in party approved books. With airbrush or ink spot, the photo censors work quietly”. http://www.newseum.org/berlinwall/commissar_vanishes/ Draw the theoretical organization of a communist society into your notes

36. Civil war 1918-21 Red vs the White Russians The western Powers ( USA, France & Great Britain) came to the aid of the White Russians Allies wanted: Russia back in WWI Wanted to protect their economic investments in Russia ( capitalism) Wanted to check the spread of Communism By 1920-21 the Whites had been defeated

37. The New Economic Policy (NEP) Designed as a temporary measure Deviation from traditional Communism Limited private enterprise (Liberalism) All banks, heavy industry and mines were under government ownership (collectivism) Peasants could sell their produce openly in the market place ( Liberalism) Under this system of a mixed economy the Soviet Union slowly recovered

38. NEP

39. STALIN 1917 Communist Russia was industrially backwards---agrarian, few industries. The I.R did not arrive. I n 50 yrs. --- military and technological superiority and the launch of sputnik. Industrial superpower in a 1/3 of the time of it had take liberal democracies

40. Structure of Soviet Government

41. Stalin: The Five-year Plans Collectivization NEP and capitalism would now be destroyed (Rejecting Liberalism) The Bolsheviks were concerned that even small-scale private production would encourage capitalism and liberal values

42. Impact on Agriculture Government control of agriculture: land taken from private owners. Collectives: large farms owned and operated by peasants as a group State set prices and access to supplies Peasants who did not want to give up their land resisted the collectives. “Love Your Motherland”

43. Resistance and Resentment Stalin blamed kulaks, wealthy farmers, for resistance – killed or sent to labor camps Peasants rebelled by growing only enough food for themselves. From 1929-30 the number of peasants on collectives increased from 5 million to 70 million. "We farmers, on the basis of complete collectivization, will liquidate the kulaks as a class."

44. The Ukraine Famine In the Ukraine Stalin used the famine as a weapon to eliminate Ukraine Nationalism. Stalin’s persecution of the people of the Ukraine was rejection of liberalism because their rights were being sacrificed for the massive industrialization of the USSR.

45. Collectivization

46. Five-Year Plans • Stalin imposed control over the economy. • Goals of five-year plans • Build heavy industry • Improve transportation • Increase farm output • Command economy: government officials make all basic economic decisions Joseph Stalin

47. Five Year Plans

48. Problems With 5-year Plan • Widespread shortages of consumer goods (due to unrealistic production targets). • Deportation of kulak households (5 million people). • Disastrous disruption of agricultural productivity. • Catastrophic famine in 1932-33 (Ukraine) • Prices system did not function to signal the shortage. …Human costs were incalculable • No regard for human life ( individualism)

50. PERSONALITY CULT