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Cell Growth and Reproduction: MITOSIS

Cell Growth and Reproduction: MITOSIS. Objectives: List the purpose of cell division Diagram the cell cycle Explain the structure and purpose of chromosomes Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis Describe on a basic cellular level the cause of cancer. If we are all made up of cells….

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Cell Growth and Reproduction: MITOSIS

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  1. Cell Growth and Reproduction:MITOSIS Objectives: List the purpose of cell division Diagram the cell cycle Explain the structure and purpose of chromosomes Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis Describe on a basic cellular level the cause of cancer

  2. If we are all made up of cells…. How do little elephants grow up to be BIG elephants? List the purpose of cell division

  3. How is it possible for animals to shed their skin? List the purpose of cell division

  4. Cells Divide and multiply constantly!! List the purpose of cell division

  5. Why do cells divide? • Repair • Replacement • Growth • We shed old skin cells constantly List the purpose of cell division

  6. Why do cells divide? • Cells divide CONSTANTLY!! • As organisms grow and change, worn out tissues are repaired or replaced by newly produced cells. List the purpose of cell division

  7. The Cell Cycle • The cell cycle is the sequence of growth and division of a cell. • The growth period is called INTERPHASE. • During interphase the cell: • Grows • Carries on basic life processes • Makes copies of DNA for cell division • The division period is called MITOSIS. B. Diagram the cell cycle

  8. B. Diagram the cell cycle

  9. The Cell Cycle – A quick Review • Interphase • G1—Cell is growing • S – DNA replicates • G2 – Prepares for division • Mitosis • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase B. Diagram the cell cycle

  10. Chromosomes • Chromosomes are cell structures that carry geneticmaterial. They contain DNA. • Chromosomes are always present in cells. • The geneticmaterial is passed from generation to generation. C. Explain the structure and purpose of chromosomes

  11. The structure of chromosomes • During most of the cells life, chromosomes exist as chromatin, which are strands of DNA. • In what cell organelle is this found? THE NUCLEUS! • As the cell begins to divide the chromatin coils forming short, thick chromosomes. • Each chromosome is made up of twohalves called sisterchromatids. • They are exact copies of each other. • The sister chromatids are held together by a centromere. C. Explain the structure and purpose of chromosomes

  12. The Structure of Chromosomes Double Chromosome (sister chromatids) centromere chromosome C. Explain the structure and purpose of chromosomes

  13. Mitosis http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm • Interphase • Prophase • Metaphase • Anaphase • Telophase & Cytokinesis D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  14. InterphaseStage of GROWTH before mitosis begins • Chromosomes are copied (# doubles) • Chromosome copies are called Sister Chromatids CELL MEMBRANE Nucleus Cytoplasm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  15. Interphase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  16. Prophase 1st step in Mitosis • Centrioles (or poles) appear and begin to move to opposite end of the cell. • Spindle fibers form between the poles. Centrioles Sister chromatids Spindle fibers D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  17. Prophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Spindle fibers Centrioles Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  18. Metaphase 2nd step in Mitosis • Chromatids (or pairs of chromosomes) attach to the spindle fibers. • Chromosomes line up in the MIDDLE • Metaphase=Middle Centrioles Spindle fibers D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  19. Metaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  20. Anaphase 3rdstep in Mitosis • Chromatids(or pairs of chromosomes) separate and begin to move to opposite ends of the cell. • Anaphase = Apart Centrioles Spindle fibers D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  21. Anaphase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  22. Telophase4th step in Mitosis • Two new nuclei form. • Mitosis ends. Nuclei Nuclei Chromatin D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  23. Telophase Plant Cell Animal Cell Photographs from: http://www.bioweb.uncc.edu/biol1110/Stages.htm D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  24. Telophase completes with:Cytokinesis • Cell membrane pinches together to create two daughter cells – each with its own nucleus with identical chromosomes. D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  25. Animal Mitosis -- Review D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  26. Plant Mitosis -- Review D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  27. Cell Cycle

  28. http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

  29. What are the leading causes of death in the United States? • 1- Heart Disease • 2- Cancer • 3- Stroke • 4- Accidents, Alzheimer’s, Diabetes E. Describe on a basic cellular level the cause of cancer

  30. What is Cancer? • Cancer: Uncontrolled cell growth creating a malignant tumor AKA: Mitosis out of control

  31. Mutation • Occasionally a cell is mutated • The mutated cell will continue to divide and multiply into what could be cancer.

  32. Mutation • What INCREASES chances of cell mutation? • Radiation • Carcinogens (drugs, nicotine, alcohol, etc) • UV rays • etc

  33. Bell Quiz • 1. What is the process called when cells divide? • 2. Why do cells need to divide? • 3. Name the stages of Mitosis in ORDER • 4. What is cytokinesis? Which stage of mitosis does it occur during? • 5. What is the similarity of a cell from it’s daughter cell?

  34. Bell Quiz • Draw & Label the process of mitosis

  35. The first phase – Prophase • During prophase the long and stringy chromatin coils up to visible chromosomes. • The nuclear membrane disappears. • Centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell and the spindle begins to form between them. D. Sketch and explain the steps of mitosis

  36. The second phase – Metaphase • Metaphase is when the chromosomes become attached to the spindle fibers. • They line up in the middle of the cell.

  37. The third phase – Anaphase • During anaphase the centromeres split apart and chromatid pairs from each chromosome split apart from each other. • Each chromatid is now a separatechromosome.

  38. The fourth phase – Telophase • Telophase begins as the chromatidsreach the opposite ends of the cell. • The cytoplasmdivides, the nucleolusand nucleus reappear and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. • The cell is now ready to start the cellcycle again with interphase.

  39. The division of the cytoplasm • Towards the end of telophase the cytoplasmdivides. (CYTOKINESIS) • This happens differently in animal and plant cells. • In animal cells the plasma membrane pinches in. • In plant cells a cell plate forms across the cell’s equator. • DIVISION IS NOW COMPLETE!

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