Lecture notes

1. Lecture notes • Taken in part from: • Adley, D. J. (1991) The Physiology of Excitable Cells, Cambridge,3ed. • Calabrese, R. C., Gordon, J., Hawkins, R., & Qian, Ning. (1995) Essentials of neural Science and Behavior. Study guide and practice problems. Appleton & Lange • Davson, H. (1970) A Textbook of General Physiology, 4th Ed., Williams and Wilkins • Hille, B. (1992) Ionic Channels of Excitable Membranes, 2ed., Sinauer. • Levitan, I. B. & Kaczmarek, L. K. (1991) The Neuron: Cell and Molecular biology, Oxford. • Mathews, G. G. (1998) Cellular Physiology of Nerve and Muscle, Blackwell Science

2. CELLMEMBRANE • 1) KEEPS THE CELL INTACKT (IN PART) • 2) PERMEABLE TO SMALL MOLECULES • 3) IMPERMEABLE TO LARGE MOLECULES.

3. DIFFUSION PHYSICAL PROCESS THAT EQUILIBRATES FREELY MOVING SUBSTANCES

4. CELLULAR COMPARTMENTS • INTRACELLULAR SPACE – The fluid space surrounded by the plasma membrane or cell wall. • EXTRACELLULAR SPACE – The fluid space surrounding the outside of a plasma membrane of a cell or cell wall.

5. COMPOSITIONS OF PARTICLAS WITHIN AND OUTSIDE PLASMA MEBRANES

6. PLASMA MEMBRANE

7. FREEZE FRACTURE TECHNIQUE

9. FRACTURE IS NOT ALONG CRYSTAL PLANES

11. OSMOLARITY • CONCENTRATION OF WATER IN SOLUTIONS CONTAINING DIFFERENT DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES.

12. Osmolarity (cont.) • THE HIGHER THE OSMOLARITY OF A SOLUTION THE LOWER THE CONCENTRATION OF WATER IN THAT SOLUTION.

13. MOLARITY • THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT, IN GRAMS, OF A SUBSTANCE DISOLVED IN 1 LITER OF SOLUTION. (1 M)

14. Molarity (cont.) • 1 MOLE OF DISOLVED PARTICLES PER LITER IS SAID TO HAVE 1 OSMAL

15. MOLALITY • MOLES OF SOLUTION PER KILOGRAM OF SOLVENT • Takes into account that large dissolved molecules (protein of high molecular weight) displace a greater volume of water than small molecules

16. Example • Glucose, sucrose do not greatly dissolve in water. Number of water molecules does not change.

17. Osmolarity • Osmolarity takes into account how many dissolved particles result from each molecule of the dissolved substance. • 0.1 M glucose solution is 0.1 Osm solution.

18. Glucose, sucrose and urea molecules do not dissociate when dissolved in water. • 0.1M glucose is a 0.1 Osm solution

19. Osmolarity for dissociated substances 0.1 M NaCl = 0.1 M Na + 0.1M Cl = 0.2 Osm

20. 300 Osm • 300 mM glucose • 150 mM NaCl • 100 mM NaCl + 100 mM Sucrose • 75 mM NaCl + 75 mM KCl

21. Mixing • The mixing is caused by the random independent motion of individual molecules (temperature dependent).

22. Two separate actions • Random movement of the solute (glucose) • Random movement of the solvent (water).

23. Osmosis • WHEN SOLUTIONS OF DIFFERENT OSMOLARITY ARE PLACED IN CONTACT WITH A BARRIER THROUGH WHICH WATER WILL MOVE ACROSS THE BARRIER, WATER WILL MOVE FROM THAT SIDE WITH THE GREATER NUMBER OF WATER MOLECULES PER UNIT VOLUME (Higher Osmolarity) TO THAT SIDE WITH THE LESSER WATER MOLECULES PER UNIT VOLUME (Lower Osmolarity).

24. Home experiment • Mason or Kerr quart jar. • Dark Molasses • Large Carrot • Glass Tube

25. Observable change • Mechanism is the same mechanism as diffusion, but observable with water for its causes observable changes in the volume of liquid of chamber into which the water moves.

26. Work done by osmosis moves piston from left to right compartment

27. Osmotic Pressure • Suppose that one could measure the force necessary to just keep the water from moving into compartment A. • That force devided by the cross sectional area of the piston would be the osmotic pressure of the system.

28. Aquapores • Pores have now been found that transfer only water and not ions.

29. OSMOTIC CHANGE IN VOL.

31. OSMOTIC BALALANCE VS CELL VOLUME • [S]in = [S]out • [S]in + [P]in = [S]out

32. NO NET CHANGE WHEN IN BALANCE • IF A SUBSTANCE IS AT DIFFUSION EQUILIBRIUM ACROSS THE CELL MEMBARANE, THERE IS NO NET MOVEMENT OF THAT SUBSTANCE ACROSS THAT MEMBRANE.

33. Osm vs. cell volume (cont.) • REQUIRES THAT: • [S]in = [S]out • and • [S]in + [P]in = [S]out • BE SIMULATENEOUSLY TRUE AT EQUILIBRIUM.

34. How do cells in nature solve the simultaneous condition?

35. Solution 1 • MAKE THE CELL IMPERMEANT TO WATER • Certain epithelial cells (skin) are impermanent to water

36. Solution 2 • PUT THE CONTENTS OF THE CELL WITHIN AN INELASTIC WALL • Plant cell’s solution

37. Solution 3 • MAKE THE CELL MEMBRANE IMPERMEANT TO SELECTED EXTRACELLULAR SOLUTES

38. Impermeant sucrose & protein

39. ECF Osm. Lower than ICF

40. ECF has permeant solute, ECF & ICF initially equal

41. ECF contains a mixture of permeant and impermeant solutes

42. [UREA]in + [P]in = [UREA]out + [SUCROSE]out

43. IONS IN SOLUTION (WATER) • Ions in solution behave much like particles in solution.

44. Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+ • When they move they carry their charge with them.

45. Some channels are non selective as to the type of cation.

46. The movement of ions down their gradient can do work.

47. Size of ion depends on it ability to hold a water “cloud”

48. Most channels only allow one species of ion to pass

49. Na+ channel. Water cloud must be stripped away