THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

1. THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

2. WASHINGTON TAKES COMMAND • WASHINGTON REACHES BOSTON IN JULY 1775 • AFTER THE BATTLE OF BUNKER HILL • MILITIAS LACKED DISCIPLINE, ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP • HAD TO SHAPE THEM INTO AN ARMY • MARCH 1776, WASHINGTON THOUGHT THE ARMY WAS READY • POSITIONED THE ARMY AROUND BOSTON • BRITISH LOAD ABOARD SHIPS AND LEAVE

3. THOMAS PAINE • SOME COLONIST DID NOT WANT TO BREAK WITH ENGLAND • JANUARY 1776, PAINE PUBLISHES COMMON SENSE • CALLED FOR INDEPENDENCE FROM ENGLAND • WAS NOT JUST ABOUT TAXES • WAS A STRUGGLE FOR FREEDOM • “IN A GREAT MEASURE THE CAUSE OF ALL MANKIND”

4. DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE • DEBATE OVER INDEPENDENCE IS SPIRITED • APRIL 1776, NORTH CAROLINA TELLS ITS DELEGATES TO SUPPORT INDEPENDENCE • JUNE 7 RICHARD HENRY LEE, OF VIRGINIA, PROPOSED • THAT THESE UNITED COLONIES ARE, AND OF RIGHT OUGHT TO BE FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES…… AND THAT ALL POLITICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THEM AND THE STATE OF GREAT BRITAIN IS, AND OUGHT TO BE TOTALLY DISSOLVED

5. THE DEBATE BEGINS • SOME THOUGHT THE COLONIES WERE NOT READY • SOME ARGUED THAT THE WAR HAD ALREADY BEGUN • SOME SAID MOST AMERICANS WANTED INDEPENDENCE • OTHERS FEARED ENGLAND’S MILITARY MIGHT

6. A COMMITTEE IS CHOSEN THE COMMITTEE IS MADE UP OF THOMAS JEFFERSON, BEN FRANKLIN, JOHN ADAMS, ROGER SHERMAN, AND ROBERT LIVINGSTON JEFFERSON WAS CHOSEN TO DO THE WRITING DREW ON IDEAS OF JOHN LOCKE PEOPLE ARE BORN WITH NATURAL RIGHTS LIFE LIBERTY AND PROPERTY GOVERNMENTS INTERFERING WITH THESE RIGHTS MIGHT RIGHTFULLY BE OVERTHROWN

7. JULY 2, 1776 CONGRESS VOTES ON LEE’S RESOLUTION • THEY THEN TOOK UP DEBATE ON JEFFERSON’S DECLARATION • BIGGEST DEBATE WAS OVER THE REFERENCE TO SLAVES • AFTER CHANGES THE DOCUMENT WAS VOTED ON JULY 4,1776 • JOHN HANCOCK WAS THE FIRST TO SIGN • FRANKLIN SAYS “WE MUST ALL STAY TOGETHER OR WE WILL ALL SURELY HANG TOGETHER

8. COPIES WENT OUT TO THE NEW STATES • WASHINGTON HAD IT READ TO THE TROOPS • MANY PEOPLE CELEBRATED IN THE STREETS

9. THE DECLARATION • DIVIDED IN 4 PARTS • THE PREAMBLE OR INTRODUCTION • DECLARATION OF NATURAL RIGHTS • GRIEVANCES AGAINST THE KING AND ENGLAND • RESOLUTION OF INDEPENDENCE

10. THE PREAMBLE • WHEN IN THE COURSE OF HUMAN EVENTS IT BECOMES NECESSARY FOR ONE PEOPLE TO DISSOLVE THE POLITICAL BANDS THAT HAVE CONNECTED THEM WITH ANOTHER, • AND TO ASSUME AMONG THE POWERS OF THE EARTH, THE SEPARATE AND EQUAL STATION TO WHICH THE LAWS OF NATURE AND OF NATURE’S GOD ENTITLE THEM, • A DECENT RESPECT TO THE OPINIONS OF MANKIND REQUIRES THAT THEY SHOULD DECLARE THE CAUSE WHICH IMPEL THEM TO THE SEPARATION

11. DECLARATION OF NATURAL RIGHTS(UNALIENABLE RIGHTS) • We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, that among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. 2.2 That to secure these rights, governments are instituted among men, deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed. That whenever any form of government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it, and to institute new government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their safety and happiness.

12. LIST OF GRIEVANCES THINGS DONE BY THE KING TO THE COLONIES DISSOLVED REPRESENTATIVE HOUSES HE MADE JUDGES DEPENDENT ON HIS WILL HE KEPT STANDING ARMIES IN TIME OF PEACE HE HAS EXCITED DOMESTIC INSURRECTIONS MAIN DEBATE WAS OVER THE REFERENCE TO SLAVERY

13. RESOLUTION OF INDEPENDENCE • DECLARED TO THE WORLD THAT WE ARE NOW THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA • WHY UNITED STATES? • ARE NO LONGER PART OF GREAT BRITAIN • WILL NOW ACT AS AN INDEPENDENT NATION

14. THE WAR • MANY PATRIOTS BELIEVED THE WAR WOULD BE SHORT AFTER BRITAIN LOST AT LEXINGTON AND CONCORD AND BUNKER HILL • JOHN ADAMS PREDICTED “WE SHALL HAVE A LONG AND BLOODY WAR TO GO THROUGH

15. BRITAIN’S ADVANTAGES • STRONGEST NAVY IN THE WORLD • AN EXPERIENCED WELL TRAINED ARMY • THE WEALTH OF A WORLDWIDE EMPIRE • LARGER POPULATION THAN THE UNITED STATES 8 MILLION PEOPLE TO 2.5 MILLION • NOT ALL AMERICANS SUPPORTED INDEPENDENCE (LOYALIST)1 IN 5 AMERICANS • QUAKERS REMAINED NEUTRAL (PACIFIST)

16. BRITAIN’S DISADVANTAGES • HAD TO FIGHT IN A FARAWAY LAND • HAD TO SHIP ALL SOLDIERS AND SUPPLIES A GREAT DISTANCE • RELIED HEAVILY ON MERCENARIES (HESSIANS)

17. AMERICAN ADVANTAGES • FIGHTING ON THEIR OWN GROUND • WERE FIGHTING FOR A CAUSE AND TO PROTECT THEIR OWN HOMES AND FAMILIES • HAD GEORGE WASHINGTON AS THEIR LEADER • HE WAS UNMATCHED IN COURAGE, HONESTY, AND DETERMINATION

18. DISADVANTAGES OF THE AMERICANS • MANY PATRIOTS BELONGED TO MILITIAS AND WERE ENLISTED FOR SHORT PERIODS • LACKED WEAPONS AND SUPPLIES • WERE NOT TRAINED OR EXPERIENCED AS THE BRITISH • BRITISH PROMISED TO GIVE SLAVES THEIR FREEDOM IF THEY WOULD FIGHT

19. WOMEN IN THE WAR • TOOK CARE OF THINGS WHILE THEIR HUSBANDS WERE FIGHTING • MARGARET CORBIN WENT WITH HER HUSBAND • WHEN HE DIED IN BATTLE SHE TOOK HIS PLACE • MARY LUDWIG HAYS McCAULEY WENT WITH HER HUSBAND • WAS CALLED MOLLY PITCHER BECAUSE SHE BROUGHT WATER TO THE TROOPS

20. FIGHTING IN NEW YORK • BRITAIN SENDS 32,000 TROOPS TO U.S. • THOUGHT SIZE WOULD SCARE THE PATRIOTS • BATTLE OF LONG ISLAND • WASHINGTON HAD 20,000 TROOPS • WAS OUT MANEUVERED AND SUFFERED A SERIOUS DEFEAT • IT WAS HERE THAT NATHAN HALE WAS CAUGHT SPYING AND WAS HUNG • I ONLY REGRET THAT I HAVE BUT ONE LIFE TO LOSE FOR MY COUNTRY

21. BAD TIMES FOR THE PATRIOTS • WINTER OF 1776-1777 CONTINENTAL ARMY WAS NEAR COLLAPSE • SOME SOLDIERS COMPLETED THEIR ENLISTMENTS OTHERS JUST WENT HOME • WASHINGTON WRITES HIS BROTHER SAYING IF NEW SOLDIERS ARE NOT RECRUITED SOON • “I THINK THE GAME IS PRETTY NEAR UP” • WASHINGTON PLEADS WITH THE CONTINENTAL CONGRESS TO ENLIST FREE AFRICAN AMERICANS • RHODE ISLAND RAISES AN ALL AFRICAN AMERICAN REGIMENT IN 1778 • BY THE END OF THE WAR EVERY STATE EXCEPT SOUTH CAROLINA HAD A.A. • NEARLY 5,000 AFRICAN AMERICANS JOINED THE PATRIOTS • LEMUEL HAYNES AND PETER SALEM WERE JUST TWO

22. NEARLY 5,000 AFRICAN AMERICANS JOINED THE PATRIOTS • LEMUEL HAYNES AND PETER SALEM WERE JUST TWO (LEXINGTON AND CONCORD) • WENTWORTH CHESWELL WAS A RIDER LIKE PAUL REVERE AND FOUGHT AT THE BATTLE OF SARATOGA • JAMES ARMISTEAD SPIED FOR BOTH THE AMERICANS AND BRITISH

23. WASHINGTON CROSSING THE DELAWARE RIVER

24. VICTORIES IN NEW JERSEY MOST BRITISH SETTLED IN NEW YORK IN THE WINTER OF 1776 SOME BRITISH IN TRENTON AND PRINCETON WASHINGTON SEES HIS CHANCE CHRISTMAS NIGHT WASHINGTON CROSSES THE DELAWARE RIVER WITH 2,400 TROOPS WASHINGTON’S TROOPS SURPRISE THE HESSIANS AFTER A SHORT BATTLE BRITISH HAD 22 KILLED 86 WOUNDED AND 906 CAPTURED AMERICAN CASUALTIES WERE 2 KILLED 5 WOUNDED

25. AFTER TRENTON WASHINGTON MOVED HIS TROOPS TO PRINCETON • HE DEFEATED THE BRITISH HERE ALSO • WASHINGTON IS USING THE PHILOSOPHY THAT AS LONG AS HE HAS AN ARMY IN THE FIELD, HE HAS A CHANCE

26. BRITAIN’S NEW PLAN • BRITAIN PLANS TO TAKE NEW YORK • SPLIT THE UNITED STATES AND CONTROL THE HUDSON RIVER • GENERAL BURGOYNNE SOUTH FROM CANADA WITH 8,000 TROOPS • LT. COLONEL ST. LEGER WOULD MOVE EAST FROM LAKE ONTARIO • GENERAL HOWE WOULD MOVE NORTH FROM NEW YORK CITY • MEET AT ALBANY AND DESTROY THE PATRIOTS

27. BURGOYNE • ST.LEGER • HOWE

28. THE PLAN FALLS APART • HOWE DECIDES TO CAPTURE PHILADELPHIA BEFORE GOING TO ALBANY • HOWE DEFEATS WASHINGTON AT BRANDYWINE AND PAOLI IN SEPTEMBER • HOWE ALSO DEFEATS WASHINGTON IN OCTOBER AT GERMANTOWN • HOWE THEN CAPTURES PHILADELPHIA AND FORCES THE U.S. GOVERNMENT TO LEAVE • HE DECIDES TO WINTER THERE

29. ST. LEGER’S ARMY IS STOPPED AT FORT STANWIX BY THE AMERICANS • BURGOYNE’S ARMY IS STALLED BY THE NUMBER OF WAGONS AND BY THE AMERICANS • HIS SUPPLIES ARE RUNNING LOW • HE SENDS OUT A GROUP OF 800 TO CAPTURE AMERICAN SUPPLIES • THEY ARE DEFEATED BY THE GREEN MOUNTAIN BOYS • BURGOYNE RETREATS TO SARATOGA

30. BATTLE OF SARATOGA • BURGOYNE IS SURROUNED BY THE AMERICANS • TRIES ONE LAST TIME TO ESCAPE BUT IS STOPPED • SURRENDERS HIS ARMY OCTOBER 17, 1777 • GENERAL HORATIO GATES GETS CREDIT FOR THE VICTORY • GENERAL BENEDICT ARNOLD IS THE REAL HERO • GENERAL HOWE RESIGNS AS COMMANDER OF THE BRITISH ARMY REPLACED BY GENERAL HENRY CLINTON

31. FRANCE BECOMES AN ALLY • BENJAMIN FRANKLIN HAD BEEN IN FRANCE TRYING TO CONVINCE THEM TO ALLY WITH U.S. • FRANCE WANTED A REASON TO CAPTURE BRITISH HOLDINGS IN THE WEST INDIES • THEY WERE AFRAID OF AN ALLIANCE • AFTER THE VICTORY AT SARATOGA THEY THOUGHT THE U.S. MIGHT HAVE A CHANCE • FRANCE OPENLY ALLIES WITH THE U.S. • FRANCE DECLARES WAR ON BRITAIN IN FEB.1778

32. SPAIN HELPS • SPAIN DECLARES WAR ON THE BRITISH IN 1779 • BERNADO de GALVEZ, SPANISH GOVERNOR OF LOUISIANA FORCE THE BRITISH FROM BATON ROUGE AND NATCHEZ • GALVEZ CAMPAIGNES DIVERTED BRITISH TROOPS FROM FIGHTING THE AMERICANS

33. VALLEY FORGE • VALLEY FORGE, PENNSYLVANIA • 20 MILES FROM PHILADELPHIA • WINTER OF 1777-1778 • WASHINGTON COULD KEEP AN EYE ON THE BRITISH • TROOPS WERE POORLY CLOTHED AND FED • WINTER WAS COLD • MEN DESERTED AND OFFICERS RESIGNED • WASHINGTON SOME HOW KEPT THE ARMY TOGETHER

34. MARQUIS de LaFAYETTE • YOUNG FRENCHMAN WHO LIKED THE IDEA OF DEMOCRACY • SAID “THE FUTURE OF AMERICA IS CLOSELY BOUND UP WITH THE FUTURE OF MANKIND” • BECAME AN AIDE TO WASHINGTON • HAYN SOLOMON-A JEWISH IMMIGRANT LOANED MONEY TO THE NEW NATION AND ALSO HELPED THE U.S. GET LOANS

35. FRIEDRICH VON STEUBEN • VON STUEBEN HAD BEEN AN ARMY OFFICER IN GERMANY • HELPED TRAIN THE U.S. TROOPS AT VALLEY FORGE • TAUGHT THEM MILITARY DICIPLINE AND TACTICS • TURNED THEM INTO A FORMIDABLE FIGHTING FORCE

36. BATTLE OF MONMOUTH • JUNE 28,1778 • MONMOUTH, NEW JERSEY • 10,000 BRITISH AGAINST 11,000 U.S. • 1ST CHANCE TO TEST THE TRAINING FROM VALLEY FORGE • WASHINGTON RALLIES GENERAL LEE’S TROOPS WHO ARE RETREATING • THE CONTINENTAL ARMY STANDS TALL AGAINST A BAYONET ATTACK • U.S. WINS THE DAY

37. VICTORIES FOR THE AMERICANS • GEORGE ROGERS CLARK CAPTURES KASKASKIA AND VINCENNES • JOHN PAUL JONES WINS A NAVAL BATTLE OF THE COAST OF ENGLAND • HE WAS A PRIVATEER (WHAT THE AMERICANS CALLED THEIR NAVY) • I HAVE NOT YET BEGUN TO FIGHT • FRANCIS MARION (SWAMP FOX) USES GUERILLA WARFARE TO FIGHT THE BRITISH IN THE SOUTH

38. WAR IN THE SOUTH • JULY 1780 FRENCH WAR SHIPS WITH 5,000 SOLDIERS APPEAR IN NEWPORT, RHODE ISLAND • WASHINGTON CAMPS NORTH OF NEW YORK AND KEEPS AN EYE ON THE BRITISH • BRITISH HAVE MOVED A LARGE ARMY SOUTH • BRITISH CAPTURE CHARLESTON,SOUTH CAROLINA • AMERICANS HAVE 5,000 CAPTURED

39. AMERICAN VICTORIES IN THE SOUTH • AFTER THE BRITSH DEFEAT THE AMERICANS AT CAMDEN, SOUTH CAROLINA • THEY MOVE TO KING’S MOUNTAIN • BRITISH OFFICER FERGUSON AND A GROUP OF 1,000 LOYALIST HOLD THE MOUNTAIN • ATTACKED BY A GROUP OF MOUNTAIN PEOPLE • WIPE OUT THE BRITISH AND LOYALIST

40. OCTOBER 1780, NATHANIEL GREENE REPLACES GATES • DIVIDES HIS ARMY WITH GENERAL DANIEL MORGAN COMMANDING ONE-HALF • MORGAN DEFEATS THE BRITISH AT COWPENS SOUTH CAROLINA IN JANUARY 1781 • GREENE’S ARMY REUNITES AT GUILFORD COURTHOUSE, NORTH CAROLINA • GREENE INFLICTS HEAVY CASUALTIES ON THE BRITISH • BRITISH RETREAT TO YORKTOWN

41. BATTLE OF YORKTOWN • WASHINGTON HAD BEEN WATCHING THE BRITISH IN NEW YORK • RECEIVES WORD THAT THE FRENCH FLEET IS GOING TO CHESAPEAKE BAY • MARCHES HIS ARMY TO YORKTOWN • 200 MILES IN 15 DAYS • LAY SEIGE TO YORKTOWN • ON OCTOBER19,1781 THE BRITSH SURRENDER • LAST MAJOR BATTLE OF THE REVOLUTION

42. TREATY OF PARIS 1783 • ADOPTED BY U.S. CONGRESS APRIL 1783 • U.S. GETS ALL LAND FROM THE ATLANTIC TO THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER • FROM CANADA TO SPANISH FLORIDA

43. THE NEWBURGH CONSPIRACY • OFFICERS IN THE CONTINENTAL ARMY WERE THREATENING REVOLT • CONGRESS WAS FAILING TO LIVE UP TO PROMISES OF PENSIONS • GENERAL WASHINGTON TALKS THEM INTO WAITING • WASHINGTON CONVINCES CONGRESS TO LIVE UP TO THEIR PROMISES

44. WASHINGTON SAYS GOOD BYE • SAYS GOODBYE TO TROOPS • THEN GOES TO CONGRESS • “HAVING FINISHED THE WORK ASSIGNED ME I RETIRE….. AND TAKE MY LEAVE OF ALL THE EMPLOYMENT OF PUBLIC LIFE.” • MIGHT BEST DISPLAY THE REASON THE AMERICANS WON • DETERMINATION AND SPIRIT • THIS LED TO PEOPLE’S REVOLTS ALL OVER THE WORLD

45. THE ARTICLES OF CONFEDERATION • 1ST CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES • AMERICANS FEARED A STRONG CENTRAL GOVERNMENT • ONE HOUSE LEGISLATURE • EACH STATE HAD ONE VOTE • 9 STATES TO PASS A LAW • ALL 13 STATES TO AMEND THE ARTICLES • WEAK EXECUTIVE BRANCH (PRESIDENT) • CHOSEN BY THE LEGISLATURE FOR 1 YEAR • FEDERAL GOVERNMENT HAD TO ASK THE STATES FOR MONEY

46. LAND ORDINANCE OF 1785 • DIVIDED THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY INTO TOWNSHIPS • EACH SIX MILES SQUARE • TOWNSHIPS DIVIDED INTO 36 SECTIONS • 1 MILE SQUARE (640 ACRES)

47. NORTHWEST ORDINANCE OF 1787 • DIVIDED THE NORTHWEST TERRITORY INTO 5 TERRITORIES • WHEN A TERRITORY REACHED 60,000 POPULATION IT COULD APPLY FOR STATEHOOD • EACH NEW STATE WOULD HAVE THE SAME RIGHTS AND REPRESENTATION AS THE ORIGINAL 13