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English across time

English across time. Unit 2: AOS 1 History and changes in the English Language. . Unit outline. Term 2: Week 9-10: History of English, Indo- European Languages Research Task Term 3: Week 1: Revise- Codification Week 2: Table task due, Research Due. Australian English ?

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English across time

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  1. English across time Unit 2: AOS 1 History and changes in the English Language.

  2. Unit outline • Term 2: Week 9-10: History of English, Indo- European Languages Research Task • Term 3: Week 1: Revise- Codification Week 2: Table task due, Research Due. Australian English ? Week 2-4: Changes in language: subsystems. Why language changes. Week 5: Attitude to change- Writing responses Week 5-6: Period Analysis and writing responses Week 7: Sac revision Week 8/9: SAC

  3. How does language change and survive? After studying this unit you will understand: • How language changes: the links between social/ cultural changes to linguistic changes and movements • What language represents: social/ cultural change and values • How people respond to this: Attitudes

  4. Research Task: Due week 2

  5. Introduction: the four periods • What existed before English? • What led to the formation and social use of the English language? NEOLOGISM • How does English survive? • Why does it continue to change? Is it a cultural evolution? • Linguistic engineering vs. social engineering

  6. Cultural evolution: Chinese whispers “ And he there at suitable time asleep fell, stood him a certain man beside in dream, greeted him by his name called”.

  7. Cultural evolution “Flips his belly he upon, away scramble starts to, and bring she the knife down his calf muscle on”

  8. Take notes in your exercise book • Fill out MAJOR table in own time • Work on research task

  9. The History of English p.p.139-145 Rabbit Recipe p.p. 125-127 [ 3. L.L: 176] • What changes can you hear/ see? • Changes in vocabulary and spelling (u/v, y/i) • Semantics: Hakkyd- Hack! • Why have these words changed? • Culinary skills are different…We no longer draw, gut, hack in the kitchen! • Technology!

  10. Dramatic changes Even in a recipe there are dramatic changes: Other registers too! These changes will leave a trace or link to a point of origin: ……… these markings on the language represents the social/ cultural changes, values and IDENTITY… Therefore Modern English is full of relics, fossils from Old, Middle and Early Modern English!

  11. Reflection…. The English Language is like a fleet of juggernaut trucks that goes on regardless…. No form of linguistic engineering and no amount of linguistic legislation will prevent the cycles of change…

  12. HOW did English evolve? http://ed.ted.com/lessons/how-did-english-evolve-kate-gardoqui

  13. OLD English: 500-1050: No agreed spelling, pronunciation and word order Celtic Language 600BC: Celtic tribes arrived 55BC: Roman invasion: introduced LATIN Latin spoken in towns Celtic still native tongue Two languages Gradual push Roman invasion ends 410AD: Why does Latin continue to stream through? 460AD: Germanic tribes arrive Germanic tribes incorporated Latin borrowings Germanic dialect becomes the first form of Old English OLD ENGLISH starts Addition of Latin influences: vocabulary Why? Social use and relevance: Runic alphabet changes to Roman alphabet 597: Church and Latin influence: St Augustine Addition of Scandinavian influences: vocabulary (everyday words), pronouns [they/ them/ their], singular –s inflection, copular verb: to be, plural ‘-s’ 800s: Viking raids By the end, English moves towards ‘structure’ 1050AD

  14. Scandinavian influence: plurals • http://ed.ted.com/lessons/a-brief-history-of-plural-word-s-john-mcwhorter

  15. OLD ENGLISH- What does English look at this point? Page 4-7: The History of English • No set word order or agreed set of spelling/pronunciation: leading to variation according to individual scribes • No set spaces between words • No set punctuation: capitals, full stops, commas, possessive apostrophe • Old English lettersand lexemes [archaic] • Lacking in function words therefore reliant on inflections, L.L: 171-172 As a sense of word order became apparent, the use of inflections declined (M.E) • Verb can appear before the subject OR end of a clause: word order not fixed • Vocabulary is also lacking: Why? They don’t have words for things they do not know yet...

  16. O.E • Alphabet: 23 letters- didn’t have ‘j’, ‘u’, ‘w’ Sounds didn’t exist in Latin alphabet • /th/- th? Tt? Dh? • No ‘w’: we Latin V- ‘w’ sound. By 7th century ‘v’- /v/ sound ‘w’-u: small cursive of V ‘w’- uu: double u. 13th century- blended to ‘w’. • Qu-cw • C and ch: ‘c’. Cald [cold], Cild [child]

  17. Text example • Text example: Intro: page 5, H.E: page 7 Annotate features of O.E • Words derived from O.E • O.E lexemes • O.E letters • No full stops or capitals: punctuation • Word order • Lack of function words such as….. Old English words have a muscular quality: short direct and forceful • Beowulf in O.E [prologue] : http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4L7VTH8ii_8

  18. Middle English: 1050AD-1450AD: Moving towards STRUCTURE/ Social Usage- How does English survive??? French influence: vocabulary: 10,000words, grammar: affixes However, English remains: it was an already established language, strong oral tradition, considerable literature [Page 10 H.E] 1066AD: Norman Conquest Will experience a gradual push French scribes started to write what they heard using French conventions: this gives us word order, function words ,affixes ,spelling- cont. later During this period, French and Latin was the accepted written language, English was still the language of the common people: therefore there was division: - Upper class/ Barons: French - Lower class: English Chose to publish his writings in English- not French or Latin. He wanted to emphasise the importance of English and its social values. Made literature accessible to everybody 1343-1400 CHAUCER: English establishes within the bodies of law 1362AD: Replaces French as the language of Law (Latin remains in records) English establishes itself through religious sector 1384AD First publication of the bible in English (John Wycliffe). Latin was the language of Religious Faith Wycliffe wanted it accessible to all.

  19. English gradually makes it way through all obstacles and challenges other Languages: French and Latin and aspects of SOCIAL life • Law, administration • Religion • Education • Literature Great Vowel shift: 7 vowel sounds change. This signifies the growing importance of the language- as change only happens if it is valued or needed. 1400AD: English establishes itself through Education Finally, towards the end of this period, English replaces Latin as the language of instruction (schools) except Oxford. Linguistic change: Loss of a large number of inflections BUT there was still no agree system of spelling. Range of different spellings were greater than the O.E period! In addition the Scandinavian influences were not felt until the 13th century Beginning 90 % drops to 75 %: borrowings

  20. What does M.E look like? • French invasion: 10,000 words, French scribes write what they hear using French written conventions: French spelling, French suffixes, more word order therefore a reduction in O.E inflections, suffix: -ment, -tion, -en, -ity, -ance, ex-, con- etc.. • Other affixes:-ed/ -es/-s : 1200 onwards: synthetic language to analytcal • Spelling is still inconsistent No ‘w’ in ‘we’ /w/= v or u or uu [13th century- ‘w’] Long vowels marked by silent ‘e’: tale, gate, side French preferred to double the letters: tree, sweet, sleep, seed Double vowels in: foot, good, blood 12th century: short vowel: double consonant: ill, spell, upp, purr, dogg, catt, mess, cliff, skull, mess, doll What about moth? Mothth? Fishing- fishshing? Cw-qu H-gh: might • Great vowel shift

  21. Text: Chaucer- Canterbury Tales Prologue • Collection of over 20 stories • Tales are in verse some in prose: story telling context by a group of pilgrims that travel together- unprecedented diverse collection • The prize is a meal at a tavern • It popularised the literary use of vernacular [native language] English

  22. No standard • No standard therefore no sense of purity or ‘Englishness’ within the language • No significance in the particular choice of French words within the English language • Not until the next period [16th century] that people become more conscious of English and the need to purify and ennoble it- prescriptive, exuberance of a nation

  23. Early Modern English: 1450-1700AD (Renaissance) We enter this period with English already establishing itself but has yet to reach any state of stability: heading towards a standard. Before 1500s (16th Century there was no set rules!) 1476AD: William Caxton sets up printing press Complications (spelling is not standard yet) due to printing- English is yet to be stable because: [H.E: p. 14] - Printers bought in their own spelling Standard English: (speaking, grammatical structures) London dialect was chosen. It was the centre of: education, law, commerce, etc... Therefore the chosen standard could easily spread and adopted by other regions - Line alignment: shorten or lengthen words - Scholars wanted to indicate Latin origins of words: silent (Renaissance) So now we have reach stability - English continues to grow and change as people begin to value and see the importance of English. Scholars and linguist begin to start ‘talking’ about grammar, vocabulary more and more ...English takes off during and after the 1500s.

  24. 1564AD: He uses London Dialect- it is the standard Shakespeare is born He was and still is an influential writer because his plays were/is valued and read by many (therefore also ‘promoting’ London Dialect as standard) • Vocabulary: borrowings, creation of new words • Spelling: addition/ loss of syllables • Grammar: structure 1600-1700AD: Renaissance: New wave (2nd) of loan words arrive from: Italian, French, Greek, Spanish, Latin take 2, Portuguese ...And so as we move into the Modern English period, we have a stable form of English and a society that is increasingly discussing and seeing the importance of English. THE SEARCH FOR STABILITY continues, H.E: page 17 -Still missing set spelling, set grammar because lack of authoritative text. - Wide spread prescriptive view against foreign influence and neologism entering the English language.

  25. What does E.M.E look like? Latin take 2: • Prefixes: anti-, post-, pre-, • Suffix: -ate, -ic, -al • Spelling: inconsistent Added –tch: hatch, match Add silent ‘e’ to /v/ sounds: love, live Add silent ‘e’ to long vowels Silent ‘e’ for words of Latin origin Dutch spelling ‘gh-’: ghost • Vocabulary: influx of borrowings • Shakespeare: changes in spelling, new words, more word order

  26. Text: Shakespeare • EGEUS http://ed.ted.com/lessons/shakespearean-dating-tips-anthony-john-peters • Activity: using Shakespearean language come up with a pick up line Use the Iambic Pentameter: 10 syllables, stressed/ unstressed: ~/~/~/~/~/

  27. Giving it a spin • Star Wars- if Shakespeare wrote it! A New Hope: Scene 2

  28. Three little pigs- John Branyan • Twitterature: Macbeth

  29. Modern English: 1700AD-present: Codification, establishing authority and spread The 18th Century (1700s) became a time for authorisation Samuel Johnson publishes first dictionary. 1755AD: His intentions were to banish “colloquial barbarianism” and determine correct usage of English FOR GOOD English becomes the preferred language over Latin in everything: education, commerce, law, science etc... Industrial Revolution Large numbers of handbooks become regulated More dictionaries published More grammar books published NOTION of prescriptive grammar became highly topical

  30. Influential figures • English and Religion During the fourteenth and fifteenth century, the movement was under way to force English into a central place in society. It was the church that the English Language had its most violent struggle with. During that time, Latin was the language of God..... who at that time controlled and pervaded all aspects of earthly life.

  31. John Wycliffe • The central power of words in the fourteenth and fifteenth century England lay in the bible. • The prime mover in the fourteenth century was a scholar, John Wycliffe. • He inspired two biblical translations in 1384. More than 250 manuscripts still survives(They were all hand written). • After his death, despite being condemned by the church, his translations continued to be produced and circulate- even when it became a mortal crime to possess one.

  32. Chaucer: Middle English • Most importantly he decided not to write in Latin, instead in English- London based English • High use of function words • Period of ‘realism’: avoided following literacy models • He tailored his language to suit everyday story telling- exposed language to everyday people- written to read out loud

  33. Shakespeare: Early Modern English • Spelling and pronunciation • Vocabulary • Grammar

  34. Explain the following quotes: The English Language is like a fleet of juggernaut trucks that goes on regardless…. No form of linguistic engineering and not amount of linguistic legislation will prevent the cycles of change…

  35. Exercise • Quiz questions • Extension- links to SAC • Research task continue • Complete table task • Video clip: Revision

  36. Videos Other resources:Melvyn Bragg's The Adventure of English is a 8 episode documentary.Episode 1: Birth of the language: O.Ehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGYiM_ZnjAcEpisode 2: English goes underground: Looking at the French and Latin dominance during the E.M periodhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1QcFbHkWXk4Episode 3: The battle for the language of the Bible: Medieval church kept the Bible in Latin, while those possessing an English translation risked deathhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kfgons95HnAEpisode 4: This Earth, This Realm, This England: Naval enterprise and foreign trade brought scores of new words, scholars brought new Latin terms and Shakespeare combined the languages of the common people....to take English to new heightshttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PeP42sGX2S4Episode 5: English in Americahttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FVMIHIgMzAEpisode 6: Speaking proper: 18th century- the first dictionaryhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LGQD-W7uAPgEpisode 7: The language of Empire: English was enriched by other cultures and languages: India, Caribbean. Australia- transportation of convicts: escaping from the shadows of Standard British Englishhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S8EeMEfIR0wEpisode 8: Many Tongues called English, One World: Globalisationhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-rFYB68KRPk

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