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Objectives

Objectives. Describe the underlying causes of WWI Explain the chain of events that trigger WWI Outline the chain of events through which America entered WWI. Essential Questions:. 1. What were the causes of WWI? 2. How did the US respond? 3. Why did the US eventually declare war?

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Objectives

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  1. Objectives Describe the underlying causes of WWI Explain the chain of events that trigger WWI Outline the chain of events through which America entered WWI

  2. Essential Questions: • 1. What were the causes of WWI? • 2. How did the US respond? • 3. Why did the US eventually declare war? • 4. How did the US mobilize for the war? • 5. What was Wilson’s vision for a post war world? Which ideas were included in the Treaty of Versailles? • 6. What effects did US involvement have at home? • 7.What repressive actions by the gov. were taken during the war?

  3. What were the causes of World War I? • Militarism…Weapons • Alliances…Secret • Imperialism…Economic • Nationalism…Pride

  4. European Imperialism • broadly: the extension or imposition of power, authority, or influence • Africa • Asia • Middle East

  5. Queen Victoria was sometimes called the Grandmamma of Europe... • During World War One there were no less than seven of the Queen's direct descendants, and two more of her Coburg relations, on European thrones. • Before WWI, can anyone blame this family of kings, or their subjects, for assuming that a war between these crowned cousins was all but impossible?

  6. For the rulers of the world's three greatest nations - King George V of Great Britain and Tsar Nicholas II of Russia, and the German Kaiser - were not simply cousins, they were first cousins. If their grandmother Queen Victoria had still been alive, said the Kaiser, she would never have allowed them to go to war with each other.

  7. By the end of World War One, the three great monarchies of Central Europe - Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary - had fallen. In the main, it was those sovereigns without personal power who kept their thrones, and those wielding too much power who lost them. And although monarchy might not have been a perfect system of government, it was perhaps preferable to what followed. World War One saw the end of the Europe of the Kings, and the beginning of the Europe of the Dictators.

  8. World War Green = Allied countries Yellow = Central Powers

  9. Fragile Alliances • 1871 last great European conflict • 1907 two camps evolve: • Triple Alliance (Central Powers) • Germany, A-H, Italy • Triple Entente (Allies) • GB, France, Russia

  10. Important Dates June 1914 – Assassination of Archduke August 1914 – WWI begins March 1917 – Russian Revolution April 1917 – US enters the war Nov 1918 – War ends

  11. Europe was a “powder keg” waiting for a spark to ignite • Assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand - heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne - and his wife • A chain of events follows leading Europe to war

  12. The assassin…Gavrilo Princip • A Serbian nationalist trained in Serbia • The “Black Hand”…

  13. The assassination

  14. The chain of events… • AFF assassinated in Bosnia • AH blames Serbia • AH makes harsh demands of Serbia • AH asks Germany for support continued >>>

  15. The chain of events... • Germany responds with the “blank check” … • Russia is allied with Serbia and mobilizes • Fearing a two front war Germany launches a plan

  16. The Von Schlieffen Plan • Germany’s plan was to hold the line against Russia (Dec. of War) • Germany was then to attack France • Germany marches through Belgium which brings Great Britain into the war

  17. New Alliances AlliesCentral Powers Great Britain Germany France Austria – Hungary Italy Ottoman Empire Serbia Bulgaria Russia Japan Belgium

  18. What was the American response? • War would threaten U.S. business interests • Many saw no reason to become involved • Wilson: America should remain above the conflict and he would serve as peacemaker • Neutrality Proclamation: U.S. was not committed to either side and should remain neutral

  19. America should be “neutral in fact as well as in name-impartial in thought as well as in action.” – Woodrow Wilson

  20. What does neutrality mean? • To be as neutral as possible in a neutral sense – not care about the outcome of the war • Be as fair as possible to both sides without influencing either side to win During war belligerents and neutrals can trade – but everything a neutral does affects the outcome of the war.

  21. How did Americans feel about the war? • Some Americans felt personally involved - 1/3 were first or second generation immigrants • 4 million Irish-Americans and 8 million German-Americans were hostile to Great Britain • Most favored Allies - Saw Kaiser as an autocrat or saw opportunity to gain markets - liked Allies - common English ties - French our friends ...

  22. What was the tone of American neutrality? • Propaganda…. • Violation of neutral rights… • Financial and Economic…

  23. How did the standards of warfare change? • Distinction between soldier and civilian erased • Fields were burned and wells poisoned • British naval blockade starved the German people • Germany submarines struck at any ship believed to carry armaments

  24. British propaganda • Emphasized common ties: heritage, language, literature, legal systems, democratic institutions • Cut communications with the continent • Exaggerated stories of German atrocities in Belgium

  25. What is a consequence of propaganda? • Anti-German hysteria • German music and literature banned • German language not taught • Harassment of German Americans • Name changes: Sauerkraut – liberty cabbage, German measles – liberty measles, Dachshund – liberty puppy, hamburger – liberty sandwich, frankfurter – hot dog

  26. What were America’s economic ties with the Allies? • As a neutral power we could trade with belligerents • Trade with Germany ended because of British blockade practices • Munitions: 1914 - $6,000,000 explosives sold to the Allies – by 1916 – 80X that amount • Exports to Allies: 1914 - $824 million and in 1916 - $3.2 billion • Loans to Allies $2.5 billion and to CP $27 million by 1917 • Neutral in name only

  27. First Battle of the Marne • French and British armies moved into northern France and stopped the German advance near the Marne River • Germany lost its opportunity for a quick victory • The western front led to a stalemate - 600 miles of trenches • Costly - in one battle British suffered 60,000 casualties in a single day of combat

  28. Stalemate • Earlier wars were fought with a cavalry • Modern weapons made the cavalry useless • New weapons - guns, grenades, artillery shells, poison gas, mustard gas led to trench warfare

  29. Krupp Railroad Gun

  30. Flame Throwers

  31. French artillery loading gas canisters

  32. WW I Tank

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