Upcoming Alternatives : Bio-fuels

1. Upcoming Alternatives : Bio-fuels Alok AdholeyaDirector, Biotechnology and Management of Bioresources Division, The Energy and Resources Institute, New Delhi

2. Why biofuels? Country's dependence on crude import impact on fuel price stability. It is renewable and does not contribute to global warming due to its closed carbon cycle. Carbon in the fuel was originally removed from the air by plants so there is no net increase in carbon dioxide levels. It provides a market for non-edible oil and excess production of vegetable oils & animal fats. Better opportunity cost. Significant carbon emission reduction Faster GDP growth, Lower Imports, energy prices & geopolitical sensitivities Source: Biofuels Program, Central Carolina Community College, Pittsboro, NC

3. Biofuels: Why now? Rising energy demand & prices Biofuels can secure energy supply Rising threat of climate change Biofuels can decrease GHG emissions Source: Joachim von Braun, 2007. International Food Policy Research Institute, Melbourne

4. Technology Improvements needs • Bioengineering • Enzymes • Plant engineering • Process & Process Yields • Process Cost • Pre-treatment • Co-production of chemicals • Process Yield gals/ ton • Consolidated bioprocessing • Energy crops • Jatropha • Pongamia • Castor • Sweet Sorghum • Microalgae • Miscanthus • Switch grass • Poplar • Willow • “Out of the Box” • Synthetic Biology • Nanotechnology • Thermochemical Source: Vinod Khosla, 2006. www. khoslaventures.com

5. Future Alternative Diesel Fuels Source: Rudy Smaling, 2007. HRAC

6. Next Generation Biofuel Source: Luc Werring, 2006. European Commission, DG Energy and Transport

7. Next Generation Biofuel Source: Luc Werring, 2006. European Commission, DG Energy and Transport

8. Source: Doug Frater, 2007. Global Green Solutions Inc.

10. Source: Doug Frater, 2007. Global Green Solutions Inc.

11. Technological gaps • Limitations of open pond / raceway concept • Light penetration • surface area • water evaporation • process • temperature control (seasonal changes) • contamination from other airborne algae Source: Doug Frater, 2007. Global Green Solutions Inc.

12. Technological gaps • Potential bioreactor growing designs deemed to expensive • High harvesting and extraction costs • economics of product yield per capital cost • Robustness requirement • laboratory R&D system to an industrial continuous large scale operating production facility • Complex and time consuming algae analysis

13. Sustainable technology in Jatropha nursery • A 8000 Ha. Jatropha plantation (20 Million plants) consumes 21840 Gcal if conventional fertilizer is applied • Now for the same plantation 4000 Million mycorrhiza propagules were applied leading to a saving of 21.8 Million Rs (US$ 0.52 Million)

14. Revenues from polluting chimney’ s at Korba

15. Corn cultivation in USA Area covered: 28.7 M ha Fertilizer dose 168 Kg N, 57 Kg P2O5, 135 Kg K2O and 30 Kg Zn. Energy requirement: 30.4 GJ/t Urea, 30 GJ/t P and 10 GJ/t K 10.4 MT Urea = 316 M GJ; 1.6 MT P = 48 M GJ; 3.9 MT K = 39 M GJ Total: 403 M GJ If the fertilizer demand is brought down by 25% this will save ~100 M GJ energy per annum from corn cultivation. And reduce environmental footprint as well

16. Source: K.C. Das, University of Georgia

17. Source: K.C. Das, University of Georgia

18. Giovanni Riva, 2006. EUROPEAN CONFERENCE on BIOREFINERY RESEARCH

19. Way forward • Country specific agenda for technology and feedstock selection • Appropriate policy instruments to minimize food vs fuel conflicts and encourage public private partnership • Bottom up approach to achieve inclusive growth in growing economies

20. Thank you