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ENERGY 211 / CME 211

ENERGY 211 / CME 211. Lecture 16 October 27, 2008. Classes. Classes can be used to implement types representing complex objects An object is an instance of a class, that Stores data that define its characteristics Is associated with a set of operations that work with its own data

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ENERGY 211 / CME 211

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  1. ENERGY 211 / CME 211 Lecture 16 October 27, 2008

  2. Classes • Classes can be used to implement types representing complex objects • An object is an instance of a class, that • Stores data that define its characteristics • Is associated with a set of operations that work with its own data • string, vector<> are classes • Classes support encapsulation, which allows implementation details to be hidden from outside code

  3. Declaring Classes • Form: classclass-name{ access-specifier1:decl-list1 access-specifier2:decl-list2 … }; • access-specifier is either public, private or protected • decl-list is a list of variable or function declarations of the class' members

  4. public and private • Members declared public: are accessible to functions outside the class • Example: size() is a public member of the string class • Operations on objects usually public • private members are hidden from outside functions • Member variables, helper functions used to implement operations are usually private

  5. Implementing Classes • To define member functions outside declaration: ret-typeclass-name::func-name(type1arg1,type2arg2, …)compound-stmt • Member variables are already declared and available, and store the data of the instance on which the function operates • Members that do not modify the underlying object should be declared const (use after argument list)

  6. Overloaded Operators • In classes that are value types, it is common practice to overload certain operators to support "expected" operations • >> to convert text into instance data • << to output a string representation • = to copy from one instance to another • ==, != to compare instances • <, >, <=, => if values can be ordered

  7. Testing Classes • When you implement a class, you should write a suite of functions that will test each member function • Use a main() function that will run each test, and produce output that reports success or failure • Often, implementation changes, and you should repeat tests to ensure nothing is broken (regression testing) • Things will be broken!

  8. Next Time More about simple classes • Special member functions • Constructors • Destructors • Copy constructors, overloading = • Implementation, header and application files

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