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From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover

From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover . 1911-1949. Issues leading to Revolution- Opium and Revolt. Issues leading to tensions: Opium Wars and Taiping. Opium Wars: British smuggle in opium from India 1830s – 1840s

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From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover

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  1. From the Republican Revolution to the Communist Takeover 1911-1949

  2. Issues leading to Revolution- Opium and Revolt

  3. Issues leading to tensions: Opium Wars and Taiping • Opium Wars: British smuggle in opium from India 1830s – 1840s • Britain gains Hong Kong and other territories as result of wars • Taiping Rebellion ( 1850-1864): Large scale revolt against Qing Govt – 20 – 30 MILLION die as result of British and French intervention

  4. The Boxer Rebellion (1899-1901)

  5. Issues leading to Rev: Boxer Rebellion • Revolt against foreign influence in trade, politics, religion and technology • Anti-Imperialist movement • Chinese Government helpless to stop it • 8 nation alliance (including US and Japan) intervene

  6. Fall of Qing Dynasty • Qing: Founded by Manchu Clan • Ruled China 1644-1911 • 19th Cent – war, rebellion, famine, and defeats from dynasty • Henry Puyu – Known as Last Chinese Emperor • China enters “warlord period”

  7. In 1912, A Deal Is Made… • Yuan Shikai is named President of the Republic • Emperor Pu Yi abdicates

  8. Yuan Shikai • -Yuan was a former general in the Qing Dynasty; presidency handed over to him in 1912 • -The revolutionaries had elected Sun Yat-Sen as the first Provisional President of the ROC, but they were in a weak position militarily, so they reluctantly compromised with Yuan. • Yuan fulfilled his promise to the revolutionaries and arranged for the abdication of the child emperor Puyi in return for being granted the position of the president, replacing Sun. • Turmoil following his death

  9. Political Parties Struggle for Power… Nationalists (Kuomintang-KMT) vs. Communists (CCP)

  10. Nationalists (KMT)1912 • Formed by Sun Yat-Sen & Song Jiaoren • Chiang Kai-Shek joins in 1923

  11. Dr. Sun Yat Sen • Known as “Father of the Revolution” • Based his idea of revolution on 3 principles: • Nationalism: Chinese Government should be in the hands of the Chinese, rather than a foreign imperial house • Democracy: Govt should be elected • Equalization: Land and wealth should be evenly distributed

  12. “Nationalism, Democracy, and Livelihood”… “Because we are unwilling to let a small number of Manchus enjoy all the privileges, we want a nationalist revolution. Because we do not want one man, the monarch, to enjoy all the privileges, we want a political revolution. And because we do not want a small number of rich people to enjoy all the privileges, we want a social revolution.” ~Dr. Sun Yat-Sen~ 1906

  13. Communists (CCP)1921 • Marxists study groups established in 1919 • Mao Tse-Tung

  14. Mao Tse-Tung • Mao leads group in Hunan • Soviet influence (Comintern agents visit) • Appeals to those who have become disillusioned with the materialism of the west and those upset over the Treaty of Versailles (1919) - China wasn’t invited and Shandong was transferred from Germany to Japan • Led May 4th Movement (student protest at Tiananmen Square)

  15. Chiang Kai Shek and the Nationalists • Took over after death of Sun Yat Sen 1925 • Believed Communist activities to be “socially and economically disruptive”

  16. 1927-28: Nationalist Purges

  17. 1934: The Long March • 80,000 CCP members march 6,000 miles from Fujian/Jiangxi to Shaanxi • Roughly 8,000 make it all the way…

  18. Sino-Japanese War 1937-1945 • Weakened power of Chiang Kai Shek • US believed supporting Shek was “throwing money down a rat hole”

  19. 1937: “Rape of Nanking” • Tens of thousands of civilians and soldiers died • Thousands of women raped

  20. War with Japan • During the occupation of Nanjing, the Japanese army committed numerous atrocities, such as rape, looting, arson and the execution of prisoners of war and civilians. • Although the executions began under the pretext of eliminating Chinese soldiers disguised as civilians, a large number of innocent men were intentionally identified as enemy combatants and executed—or simply killed outright—as the massacre gathered momentum. • A large number of women and children were also killed, as rape and murder became more widespread.

  21. End of War • Japanese occupation ends • Discontent with KMT resurfaces • Chiang Kai-Shek flees to Taiwan and sets up Republic of China

  22. October 1, 1949: Mao Declares the People’s Republic of China

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