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Learn about the founding of the Democratic Party and its basic ideals, as well as the opposition of the Whig Party. Explore the rise of Andrew Jackson, the Nullification Crisis, and the California gold rush. Understand the annexation of Texas and the slogan "54°40' or Fight!"
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Founded by Andrew Jackson when the Democratic-Republican party split after the “corrupt bargain” decided the election of 1824 • Adhered to the basic ideals of Thomas Jefferson by favoring strict construction of the Constitution, a limited federal government, and policies that were helpful to small farmers (as opposed to those helpful to wealthy urban interests) • Was opposed by the Whig Party • Famous as the party of Thomas Jefferson, Andrew Jackson, and Franklin D. Roosevelt
When the Democratic-Republican party split after the election of 1824 and the “corrupt bargain,” was formed in opposition to the Democratic Party • Initially led by Henry Clay, John Quincy Adams, and Daniel Webster • Resembled the Federalist party led by Alexander Hamilton • Favored the interests of wealthy urban citizens and businesses over the interest of farmers • Often nominated famous people with vague political positions as a way to attract votes. • Only successful presidential candidates were war heroes William Henry Harrison and Zachary Taylor
First came to national prominence as a general in the Indian Wars and at the Battle of New Orleans • Nickname “Old Hickory” • Senator from Kentucky • Lost the presidential election of 1824 because of the “corrupt bargain” • Founder of the Democratic party • Election president in 1828 and 1832 • Strengthened the power of the presidency • Destroyed the Second National Bank • Handled the “spoiled system,” wherein a newly elected president gave federal jobs to those who had supported his campaign
Andrew Jackson’s advisers were known as his “________ _________” because they supposedly slipped into the White House through the kitchen.
The practice by incoming political parties of removing old workers and replacing them with their supporters is known as the ______________ _____________?
In 1830, this law ordered all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi river?
Name for the forced removal of the Cherokee tribe of Native Americans from North Carolina to Oklahoma by the United States Army in the 1830’s • The Cherokee were forced to walk 1,200 miles west through the winter • More than 25 percent died along the way
1832 crisis that tested the power of the federal government as designed by the Constitution against states’ rights • Precipitated by congressional renewal of a high tariff on imported goods • South Carolina passed an ordinance of nullification, declaring the tariff void and threatening secession if the federal government attempted to collect tariff revenue in South Carolina • President Andrew Jackson, who himself supported lowering the tariff, declared nullification “incompatible with the existence of the Union” and sought permission from Congress to use federal troops to enforce the tariff law id necessary • In this effort, South Carolina drew heavily on the example of Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions • Andrew Jackson’s response set some precedent for Abraham Lincoln’s reaction to secession at the beginning of the Civil War
By 1837, many of the banks Jackson had put money in during the bank fight had failed. This became known as the _______ __ ______During this time, many banks closed and people lost their savings.As a result, the country sank into a depression.
Who became the ninth president of the United States?His term only lasted 1 month because a cold he was suffering from turned into pneumonia
Took place when gold was discovered in California in 1849 • Those who hurried west to find their fortune were thus known as forty-niners • Raised California’s population enough that California became a state decades before any of the states in the Great Plains (those between California and the rest of the United States) became states
Large portion of Mexico that declared its independence in 1836 • Most of those advocating for ______ independence were Americans who had settled in ________ • Leaders of the Republic of ________ advocated for annexation by the United States • For the sake of relations with Mexico and because of domestic debates over slavery, the United States waited to annex ___________ • Manifest Destiny became popular and James K. Polk was elected on a platform of annexing ___________ and expanding American territory in the Northwest • Became a state in 1845 • Border dispute with Mexico led to the Mexican American War
Slogan of James K. Polk when he ran for president in 1844 on a platform of manifest destiny • Referred to the line of latitude where Americans wanted the border between the Oregon Territory and Canada drawn • When Polk annexed Texas and got America embroiled in the Mexican American War, he was forced to settle with Britain for a less advantageous boundary (at 49°) in the northwest
11th President of the United States • Served as president from 1845-1849 • Proponent of Manifest Destiny • Elected on a platform of annexing Texas and expanding land holdings in the northwest (54°40′ or Fight!) • Led the United States into the Mexican-American War • Member of the Democratic Party
Popular term for mid-nineteenth century belief that the United States was not only destined but also obligated (as part of a divine mission to spread democracy, freedom, and Christianity) to control as much territory in North America as possible • Term coined by journalist John O. Sullivan • Provided the main ideology for the presidential campaign of James K. Polk, who supported the annexation of Texas and the expansion of the northwest (leading to the rallying cry, “54° 40′ or Fight”) • Was a primary motivation for the Mexican American War
Fought from 1846 – 1848 • After the United States annexed Texas, it claimed a southern border at the Rio Grande River, despite the fact that the Texans had always claimed a border a couple of hundred miles north of that (at the Nueces River) • When Mexican troops skirmished with Texans north of the Rio Grande, President James K. Polk secured a declaration of war from congress • American armies, led by General Zachary Taylor (later to serve as president), routed the Mexicans • Peace settlement declared the Rio Grande to be the national boundary, ceded California to the United States, and gave the Americans a large tract of land (later carved into five states) known as the Mexican cession, as well as requiring the United States to pay $15 million in unpaid debts to Mexico • War was an indicator of the popularity of Manifest Destiny • Led to debates about slavery in the Mexican Cession, including debates over the Wilmot Proviso
Mid nineteenth century social, intellectual, and aesthetic movement growing out of the spread of Romanticism from Europe to America • Characterized by a belief that immersion in nature could allow for a transcendence (a rising above) of daily life • Important figures include Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman, Henry David Thoreau, Margaret Fuller, and the painters of the Hudson River School • Connected to some aspects of the outburst of utopian experiments
Attempts to create a perfect society • A rash of these attempts swept the United States in the mid-nineteenth century • Most famous of these attempts included Brookfarm (where Transcendentalists attempted to live without interference), the Oneida community, the Shaker community, and the Mormon communities
What invention led to the spread of the slavery-based "cotton kingdom" in the Deep South? • tractor • cotton gin • slavery • steel plow
Who invented the cotton gin? • Eli Whitney • Cyrus McCormick • John Deere • Henry Ford
In 1828, what happened with Americans and the electoral process? • one did not have to be a male or own land so voting numbers increased • one did not have to own land so voting numbers increased • one did not have to own land so voting numbers decreased • one did not have to be a white male but still had to own land so voting numbers increased
Which national Republican candidate in the election of 1832 supported the bank of the United States? • Henry Clay • Aaron Burr • Andrew Jackson • John Calhoun
What is the name of the practice of using public offices to benefit members of the victorious party? • federation • spoils system • mandate system • civil service
What term means a government in which power is vested in a minority consisting of those believed to be best qualified ? • spoils system • aristocracy • patronage • federation
Which president enacted the spoils system after being elected? • James Monroe • Andrew Johnson • William Henry Harrison • Andrew Jackson
What did Andrew Jackson do after being re-elected in 1832 causing the Panic of 1837? • He declared a bank holiday until all banks were safe to reopen. • He supported the Bank of the United States. • He withdrew money from state banks and put it into the Bank of the U.S. • He caused an economic depression by withdrawing government money from the Bank of the U.S. and depositing it in state banks.
What economic situation resulted from reckless speculation that led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with the use of state banks as depositories for public funds? • Panic of 1857 • Panic of 1847 • Panic of 1837 • Panic of 1832
