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The Reformation

The Reformation. Christian Humanism. Protestant Reformation divided western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. Christian Humanism encouraged reformation. CH-believed humans could use reason and improve themselves through Christian works. Erasmus. Best known Christian Humanist

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The Reformation

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  1. The Reformation

  2. Christian Humanism • Protestant Reformation divided western Church into Catholic and Protestant groups. • Christian Humanism encouraged reformation. • CH-believed humans could use reason and improve themselves through Christian works.

  3. Erasmus • Best known Christian Humanist • Felt he should show people how to live good lives on a daily basis rather than how to achieve salvation. • Did not want to break away from church.

  4. Eve of the Reformation • People calling for reform because of corruption in the Catholic Church.. • 1450-1520 Popes concerned with politics and wealth rather than spiritual needs. • Salvation and indulgences major issues

  5. Martin Luther • Monk and professor at the University of Wittenberg • Began to reject Catholic Teachings about faith and good works towards salvation. • Felt salvation was achieved by faith alone.

  6. Ninety Five Thesis • Selling of Indulgences upset Luther. • 1517 Luther posted Ninety Five Thesis on the door of the church at Wittenberg. • Luther called for major reforms and for the papacy to be overthrown.

  7. Simony- selling of church offices Indulgences Pluralism- holding more than one church office Absenteeism- having church office but not serving the people Nepotism- church offices to relatives rather than qualified people Worldliness/ Renaissance popes Immorality/lack of celibacy Uneducated priesthood Luther’s Demand for Reform of Church Abuses

  8. Luther’s Excommunication • 1521 Luther excommunicated • Edict of Worms created making Luther an outlaw. • Luther’s local ruler protected him. • Leads to the Lutheranism the first Protestant faith.

  9. Charles V; HRE and King of Spain • Threatened by Luther and people converting to Protestant religions • As HRE his job is to defend the Catholic faith • Pope refused to help because feared reforms of Catholic Church would lead to loss of power

  10. Charles’ Hands Tied • Believed in Catholicism, but was busy fighting France and the Turks • Also occupied with his territories in Spain, Flanders, Italy and America • Needed Protestant support to help him fight • Europe witnessed the Catholic French king support Protestant Germans against the Catholic Holy Roman Empire – stressing that politics and economics were also a key component to the Reformation

  11. Peace of Augsburg 1555 • Charles agrees to this • Each prince was permitted to determine hisprovince’s religion • No freedom of religion • Setting stage for Wars of Religion

  12. Calvin and Calvinism • John Calvin had fled Catholic France. • Placed emphasis on “power, grace, and glory of God” • Believed in predestination • Calvinism would soon replace Lutheranism as most important form of Protestantism.

  13. Reformation in England

  14. Wants to end marriage to Catherine of Aragon (Charles V washer nephew) and marry Anne Boleyn Pope refuses by not responding to request Henry removes the English church from papal authority He used Parliament to legalize the Reformation in England King head of church (Supremacy Act 1534) Thomas More refused to take an oath to the king and was beheaded Henry VIII

  15. Henry’s Protestantism • Looked very Catholic • Chief minister- Thomas Cromwell helped Henry dissolve the English monasteries • To help pay for Henry’s lavish lifestyle, sold land to wealthy- strengthening the power of the upper classes and tying them closer to the king • Acquisition of this new land led Cromwell to reform and centralize the King’s council, secretariats and Exchequer • He also established new departments of state to deal with king’s new religious role

  16. Anabaptists • “to baptize again”- only adult baptism • “left wing of the Reformation” • Believed in religious freedom/toleration • Women admitted to the ministry • No public office; total separation of Church and state • Do not serve in armed forces (pacifism) – religion of peace • Stressed mercy • Attracted the poor, unemployed, and the uneducated Persecution of Anabaptists

  17. Anabaptists,cont. • A few communities were radical, like in Münster, which endorsed polygamy and severe punishment for insubordinate wives • Anabaptists met persecution everywhere; Luther, Calvin, Zwingli and the Catholic Church all hated and feared their endorsement of separation of Church and state – lead to secularization of society • Their spirit has survived in modern day Quakers, Mennonites, Baptists (stress on inner light) and the Congregationalists • Influenced U.S. Constitution- no “establishment of religion”

  18. Anabaptists being prepared to be burned Münster

  19. Women • Could better participate because liturgy in vernacular • Protestantism stressed women to express their religious feelings at home – praying, reading the Bible, etc. • Women began to occupy themselves with the public welfare – helping the poor, setting up schools and orphanages, helping widows and other women

  20. Catholic Reformation • Catholic Church revitalized in 16th century • 3 reasons: Jesuits, reform of papacy, and the Council of Trent

  21. Ignatius of Loyola • Founded society of Jesus (Jesuits) • Vow of obedience to the pope • Successful in spreading message through education • Restored Catholicism in parts of Europe.

  22. Reform of the Papacy • Pope Paul III creates the a Reform Commission • Determines churches problems and issues. • Blamed corrupt policies of prior popes.

  23. Council of Trent • 1545 a group of cardinals, archbishops, abbots, and theologians met in Trent. (18 years) • Sacraments and celibacy upheld. • Indulgences still used but not sold • Catholic Church now has a clear written doctrine

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