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Cells!

Cells!. Question 1 - 10. Which organelles have their own DNA and produce ATP after food molecules are catabolized?. Answer 1 – 10. Mitochondria!. Question 1 - 20.

demetria-norris
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Cells!

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  1. Cells!

  2. Question 1 - 10 Which organelles have their own DNA and produce ATP after food molecules are catabolized?

  3. Answer 1 – 10 Mitochondria!

  4. Question 1 - 20 Cells need to be small to be efficient in transporting nutrients and wastes. Should they have a large or small surface area to volume ratio? Not sure? Test it with a 1x1x1 cube and a 2x2x2 cube!

  5. Answer 1 – 20 Cells need a large SA:V. The 1x1x1 cube has a SA of 6 units2, and volume of 1 unit3. This is a 6:1 Surface area to volume ratio. The 2x2x2 cube has a SA of 24 units2, and volume of 8 units3. This is a 24:8 (reduced 3:1) Surface area to volume ratio. The smaller cell has a LARGER ratio!

  6. Question 1 - 30 What does the word symbiosis mean?

  7. Answer 1 – 30 Organisms interacting with one another… Remember that the endosymbiont hypothesis states that a smaller prokaryotic cell (a bacterium similar to a chloroplast or mitochondria) came to live inside another larger prokaryote to give both a survival advantage and thus eukaryotic cells were eventually formed.

  8. Question 1 - 40 Name three organelles/cell structures that would be involved in making and transporting a protein out of a cell.

  9. Answer 1 – 40 Ribosome Rough ER Golgi Apparatus Vesicles Plasma(cell) membrane Proteins are put together (synthesized) at ribosomes which makes our cell’s Endoplasmic Reticulum appear “rough”. The Rough ER then transports the protein to the Golgi where it is sorted, modified, and packaged into a Vesicle. The vesicle is eventually taken to the cell membrane where exocytosis occurs and the protein is released.

  10. Question 1 - 50 What are the three parts to cell theory?

  11. Answer 1 – 50 • Cells are considered the basic unit of life • All living organisms are composed of cells • All cells come from pre-existing cells

  12. Question 2 - 10 What amphipathic (hydrophilic AND hydrophobic containing) structures make up a majority of the cell membrane?.

  13. Answer 2 – 10 Phospholipids. The polar phosphate head is hydrophilic (water-loving). The non-polar lipid tail is hydrophobic (water-fearing)

  14. Question 2 - 20 What three things make up the cytoskeleton?

  15. Answer 2 – 20 Microtubules (Largest) Intermediate Filaments Microfilaments (Smallest)

  16. Question 2 - 30 The cytoskeleton protects the inside of the cell, what protects the outside?

  17. Answer 2 – 30 The ECM, extra-cellular matrix. Extra= outside Matrix= skeleton This is the protective structure outside of the cell, mainly composed of glycoproteins and glycolipids. Glyco= sugar

  18. Question 2 - 40 Proteins have many jobs; they can transport things, break things down (catabolism), build things up (anabolism), communicate messages, attach cells together, and more. What are the two categories of proteins found on the cell membrane?

  19. Answer 2 – 40 Peripheral- only through one layer of the bilayer Integral- integrated through both layers

  20. Question 2 - 50 What is selective permeability?

  21. Answer 2 – 50 A cell’s ability to “select” what goes in and out of the cell in order to maintain homeostasis.

  22. Question 3 - 10 What do hypotonic and hypertonic mean? (answer in that order)

  23. Answer 3 – 10 Hypertonic means MORE solute is dissolved by a solvent (usually water) or in a solution when compared to another solution. Hypotonic means LESS solute is dissolved in a solution when compared to another solution. You have both of these when looking across a membrane unless they are equal in concentration (that would be isotonic).

  24. Question 3 - 20 Which way will water move, and what is the movement of water called?

  25. Answer 3 – 20 To the right, osmosis. Remember…solute sucks! If there is no pressure added, water will travel to the side that has more solute!

  26. Question 3 - 30 What are the three types of transport that passively move from high concentration to low concentration?

  27. Answer 3 – 30 Osmosis Diffusion Facilitated Diffusion

  28. Question 3 - 40 What is an example of a molecule that passively diffuses through the membrane? What is an example of a polar molecule that is passively transported through the membrane?

  29. Answer 3 – 40 CO2, O2 – passively transported via diffusion H2O- passively transported via osmosis

  30. Question 3 - 50 Explain active transport and give an example of a molecule that would be transported this way in 3 or less sentences!

  31. Answer 3 – 50 Active transport is the process of transporting a molecule from an area of low concentration and forcing it into an area of high concentration. This requires energy (ATP). An example would be a charged ion, such as Na+ (sodium ion), that does not want to be packed tightly together.

  32. Question 4 - 10 What type of cell signaling involves physical contact between two cells?

  33. Answer 4 – 10 Direct contact/communication

  34. Question 4 - 20 What is the chemical signal molecule called?

  35. Answer 4 – 20 Ligand!

  36. Question 4 - 30 What is the process of adding a phosphate (from ATP) to another molecule to activate it called?

  37. Answer 4 – 30 Phosphorylation. Dephosphylation would be the act of taking the phosphate away from the molecule.

  38. Question 4 - 40 What are the three steps to the signal transduction pathway?

  39. Answer 4 – 40 Reception Transduction Response Remember the phone call analogy! (it’s in your notes if you can’t recall)

  40. Question 4 - 50 Describe the process of signal transduction.

  41. Answer 4 – 50 A chemical signal (ligand) binds with the receptor protein. The protein changes shape (confirmation change). The signal is sent (it can be changed/modified along the way) The signal reaches its target and typically activates a process (phosphorylation occurs to activate the process) The process is carried out

  42. Question 5 - 10 This is the form of DNA in Interphase.

  43. Answer 5 – 10 Chromatin, it is loosely coiled so it can easily be read and copied.

  44. Question 5 - 20 What is the longest phase of the cell cycle?

  45. Answer 5 – 20 Interphase!

  46. Question 5 - 30 Mitosis is what kind of division AND what are the 4 phases in order?

  47. Answer 5 – 30 Nuclear division; Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

  48. Question 5 - 40 Cancer occurs when cells do not properly respond to the checkpoints of the cell cycle. What are the two types of cancer?

  49. Answer 5 – 40 Benign- encapsulated, usually easy to treat Malignant- grows between cells, very invasive, usually difficult to treat (deadly)

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