1 / 61

Module 7

Module 7. Hardware. Introduction. Switches are the basic blocks of computer hardware. We build increasingly complex hardware from these simple switches. An example of a switch that we use everyday in our lives is the Light Switch. Introduction.

demont
Download Presentation

Module 7

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Module 7 Hardware

  2. Introduction • Switches are the basic blocks of computer hardware. • We build increasingly complex hardware from these simple switches. • An example of a switch that we use everyday in our lives is the Light Switch.

  3. Introduction • The switches that we use in computer hardware are far too small to be seen by the naked eye. • Then how are these components constructed if they are that small?

  4. Introduction • The answer rests in three technologies:

  5. Introduction • The answer rests in three technologies: • The idea of representing information by electrical signals which led to development of the telegraph. • Switching devices developed such as Vacuum tubes, but they all suffered from the disadvantages of being large, high power consumption and slow speed.

  6. Introduction • The answer rests in three technologies: • The idea of representing information by electrical signals which led to development of the telegraph. • Switching devices developed such as Vacuum tubes, but they all suffered from the disadvantages of being large, high power consumption and slow speed. • Invention of transistor which is a very small switch.

  7. Introduction • The answer rests in three technologies: • The idea of representing information by electrical signals which led to development of the telegraph. • Switching devices developed such as Vacuum tubes, but they all suffered from the disadvantages of being large, high power consumption and slow speed. • Invention of transistor which is a very small switch. • Photography. • The computer scientists got the idea of having layers of chemicals on top of each other from photography to “print” the wires of circuit directly on a non-conducting base and this led to invention of Integrated Circuits (ICs) which packs thousands of transistors on one chip.

  8. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that:

  9. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0.

  10. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator.

  11. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator. • Think of a switch as box with three wires connected to it called in, out and control.

  12. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator. • Think of a switch as box with three wires connected to it called in, out and control. • Our switches will come in two basic varieties:

  13. Electrical Switches • We adopt the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator. • Think of a switch as box with three wires connected to it called in, out and control. • Our switches will come in two basic varieties: • Normally open • Normally closed

  14. An electronic switch in general

  15. Normally Open Switch • In a normally open switch, current can pass from in to out only when there is a signal at the control wire.

  16. Normally Open Switch • In a normally open switch, current can pass from in to out only when there is a signal at the control wire. • That is when control is 1.

  17. Normally Open Switch • In a normally open switch, current can pass from in to out only when there is a signal at the control wire. • That is when control is 1. • Otherwise the value of out is 0.

  18. Normally Open Switch

  19. Normally Closed Switch • In a normally close switch, current can pass from in to out unless there is a signal at the control wire.

  20. Normally Closed Switch • In a normally close switch, current can pass from in to out unless there is a signal at the control wire. • That is when control is 0.

  21. Normally Closed Switch • In a normally close switch, current can pass from in to out unless there is a signal at the control wire. • That is when control is 0. • Otherwise the value of out is 0.

  22. Normally Closed Switch

  23. Logic • From computer science perspective we are not concerned with electrical currents and voltages.

  24. Logic • From computer science perspective we are not concerned with electrical currents and voltages. • We adopted the convention that:

  25. Logic • From computer science perspective we are not concerned with electrical currents and voltages. • We adopted the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0.

  26. Logic • From computer science perspective we are not concerned with electrical currents and voltages. • We adopted the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator.

  27. Logic • From computer science perspective we are not concerned with electrical currents and voltages. • We adopted the convention that: • A high voltage in a wire is represented by the symbol 1. • Little or no voltage in a wire represented by symbol 0. • With this convention a switch can be viewed as a logic operator. • We can regard a switch as an operator that produces an output state depending only on the input states.

  28. Logic • Example: S = John and Merry are happy. P = John is happy. Q = Merry is happy. S = P AND Q .

  29. Logic • Example: S = John and Merry are happy. P = John is happy. Q = Merry is happy. S = P AND Q . • AND is a logical operator. • We refer to P and Q as components of logical operator AND.

  30. Logic • Suppose we decide to interpret • 0 as false. • 1 as true.

  31. Logic • Suppose we decide to interpret • 0 as false. • 1 as true. • Then the action of normally open switch is the same, under this interpretation, as that of AND logical operator.

  32. Logic • Suppose we decide to interpret • 0 as false. • 1 as true. • Then the action of normally open switch is the same, under this interpretation, as that of AND logical operator. • Logical AND operator is evaluated to true if and only if both of its operands are true.

  33. Logic

  34. AND Gate • A normally open switch acts as an AND operator. • We refer to it as an AND gate. It has three components: • two input lines. • one output line.

  35. AND Gate

  36. OR gate • OR is another logical operator. We also have a gate for OR and we call it OR gate.

  37. OR gate • OR is another logical operator. We also have a gate for OR and we call it OR gate. • An OR gate like AND gate has three components: • Two input lines • One output line

  38. OR gate • OR is another logical operator. We also have a gate for OR and we call it OR gate. • An OR gate like AND gate has three components: • Two input lines • One output line • A Logical OR operator evaluates as true if at least one of the operands are true.

  39. OR gate • OR is another logical operator. We also have a gate for OR and we call it OR gate. • An OR gate like AND gate has three components: • Two input lines • One output line • A Logical OR operator evaluates as true if at least one of the operands are true. • In the same line, an OR gate has output 1 if at least one of the input lines are 1.

  40. OR Gate

  41. NOT Gate • We have logical operator NOT which reverses the truth value of its statement. Ex: R = Peter is happy. then, NOT R = Peter is not happy.

  42. NOT Gate • We have logical operator NOT which reverses the truth value of its statement. Ex: R = Peter is happy. then, NOT R = Peter is not happy. • As two other logical operator we have a corresponding NOT gate which has two components: • One input line • One output line

  43. NOT gate

  44. Logical Expressions • We can use the three basic logical operators, AND, NOT and OR to build any logical expression by combining them. EX: We have two named statements: P = Button A has been pushed. R = Button B has been pushed. We want to write an expression Q which is true when either both of the buttons have been pushed or none of them.

  45. Example True = 1 False = 0 P = 1 means button A has been pushed.

  46. Finding the appropriate Expression PR stands for P AND R P’ stands for NOT P M + N stands for M OR N Thus, we have Q = PR + P’R’

  47. Building a Logical Circuit • Now we want to build the a circuit for our computer using AND, OR and NOT gates which corresponds to logical expression Q = PR + P’R’ • That is given inputs P and R (in 0 and 1) produces Q (in 0 and 1)

  48. Big Picture

  49. Step 1

  50. Step 2

More Related