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Threads. math 442 es Jim Fix. Reality vs. Abstraction. A computer’s OS manages a lot: multiple users many devices; hardware interrupts multiple application programs multiple processors/cores ... but a modern OS presents a different reality to application programmers. API Layers.

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Threads

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  1. Threads • math 442 es • Jim Fix

  2. Reality vs. Abstraction • A computer’s OS manages a lot: • multiple users • many devices; hardware interrupts • multiple application programs • multiple processors/cores • ... but a modern OS presents a different reality to application programmers

  3. API Layers • Most APIs’ (Application’s Programming Interfaces’) goal is to abstract away the underlying HW/SW system details. • ``file”, ``socket’’, ``address”, ``lock”, ... • libraries form this abstraction layer application pgm la la land libraries OS CPU memory I/O the real deal

  4. Example: Unix ``process” • abstraction of what is associated with execution of a program • two major components: • a ``thread” of control (execution state) • address space (execution context) • gives the illusion that a program has exclusive access to a single machine

  5. A Unix Process hi stack execution state • Recall our depiction of a process: CC RegF heap SP .bss PC .data lo .text file descriptors,scheduler info,... address space OS info see http://www.nongnu.org/avr-libc/user-manual/malloc.html

  6. Why not... hi TCB1 • ...have multiple threads of control? CC RegF TCB2 heap SP CC PC .bss RegF .data SP lo PC .text file descriptors,scheduler info,... OS info TCB = thread control block

  7. Thread / “lightweight process” • Let’s decouple ``address space” & ``thread”? • Allow multiple threads to share an address space and OS context • Give the illusion of having multiple processors • (Why is this useful?)

  8. Example use of threads: • In a web browser: • one thread renders a page while • another fetches data • and another displays a media stream • &c

  9. Example use of threads: • In a web server: • ``master” thread that fields requests • ``worker” threads that handle requests • script execution • (remote) database access • &c

  10. Example use of threads: • Embedded/control systems are naturally multithreaded • airplane navigation • medical equipment • factory control • > many system components; somewhat independent.

  11. Benefits: code structure • Code might naturally... • ...manage multiple tasks: • e.g. web browser; emb’d sys.; evil dwg robot • ...handle concurrent/asynchronous events • e.g., server; r-t sys.; videogame; evil dwg robot • ...have lots of (data) parallelism • e.g., raytracer; videogame; 100 evil dwg robots, centrally controlled • > many system components; somewhat independent.

  12. Benefits: performance • I/O op may be blocking waiting for data; can do other useful work • faster response time; requests don’t get queued up • may actually execute on different processor cores (true concurrency) • different physical resources can be used simultaneously (true parallelism)

  13. Perf. Gains • multi-process vs. multi-thread • overhead: process creation and all that it entails (process ``fork”: new VM mgmt, address space copy) • overhead of inter-process communication (IPC) • overhead of system calls • ``heavyweight” • threads are sometimes called ``lightweight processes”

  14. Perf. Gains • (see H. Levy’s data) • (see LLNL’s data)

  15. Issues • (C) thread library API? • thread library implementation? • who’s responsible for managing threads? (Kernel vs. User-level) • (>C) language abstraction? • Also... • It’s just a fact: writing multi-threaded programs is hard.

  16. Reading • ``THE microprogramming system”, (Dijkstra, 1968) • ``Prgmg w/ Threads” (Birrel, 1989) • ``POSIX threads” (LLNL,2008)

  17. POSIX threads • Standardized pthread library routines (actually, several) for: • creation/joining • setting attributes • mutual exclusion • software condition (queues) • see https://computing.llnl.gov/tutorials/pthreads/

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