FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader  Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader  Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Belief in imam’s miraculous powers Deification Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: More radical groups’ beliefs often far removed from mainstream Islam’s beliefs: Fuse w/local rel’s Beliefs such as reincarnation Rejection of all laws  Justifies murder & assass. Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Belief in imam’s miraculous powersDeification Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: More radical groups’ beliefs often far removed from mainstream Islam’s beliefs: Fuse w/local rel’s Beliefs such as reincarnation Rejection of all laws  Justifies murder & assass. Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: More radical groups’ beliefs often far removed from mainstream Islam’s beliefs: Fuse w/local rel’s Beliefs such as reincarnation Rejection of all laws  Justifies murder & assass. Belief in imam’s miraculous powersDeification He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46) Best known such group the Assassins in 12th & 13th centuries who targeted Sunni Muslims more than Christian Crusaders (FC.67)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM Corruption & injustice  Suppress lower status Arabs & non-Arab converts to Islam Abu Bakr (632-4), Umar, (634-44), & Uthmann (644-56) all chosen over Ali Contact with & infl. of Zoroastrianism, Chr., & Judaism, all w/beliefs in future savior Split over who should succeed Moh. as Kalifa (deputy) b/w followers of: Ali, Moh’s cousin & son-in-law Abu Bakr, 1 of Moh’s 1st converts Ali (656-61) made CaliphUmmayyads overthrow & kill him  Dynastic principle replaces religion as basis for rule He will return as Mahdi (“rightfully guided one”) to restore just rule Messianic theme in Shi’a Islam Followers of Ali (Shi’atu Ali Shi’ites) see these events as sacrilege 680- rev. by Husayn, son of Ali & Fatima (Moh’s daughter) 70 members of Ali’s family massacred at Karbala Only 1 son of Husayn, Ali, survives 685-7- Unsucc. Rev. in favor of another son of Ali, Mohammed, as Imam, Islam’s true & rightful leader Belief he’s still alive & hidden by God Sunni-Shi’ite split in Islam, which is given more religious edge by 2 events: More radical groups’ beliefs often far removed from mainstream Islam’s beliefs: Fuse w/local rel’s Beliefs such as reincarnation Rejection of all laws  Justifies murder & assass. Belief in imam’s miraculous powersDeification Long pattern of relig rev’s centered around Imam, sometimes called Mahdi, & da’i, who preaches & sometimes fashions imam’s message & leads followers to victory or martyrdom Theme of suffering & expiation makes Shi’a even more of a religious movement Islam’s theocratic nature Islam combining religion & politics (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam Contact w/other civ’s (FC.46) Conquest of emp for Islam. Riches & power (FC.46) Best known such group the Assassins in 12th & 13th centuries who targeted Sunni Muslims more than Christian Crusaders (FC.67) Basis for present day terrorists in Mid-East who also carried out attacks in Europe and US on 9/11/2001 (FC.146B)

FC.46A THE SUNNI-SHI’ITE SPLIT & ROOTS OF TERRORISM IN ISLAM