The First World War

1. CHAPTER The First World War 19 Overview Time Lines 1 World War I Begins SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance SECTION 3 The War at Home SECTION 4 Wilson Fights for Peace SECTION Chapter Assessment Transparencies

2. Women in America THEMES IN CHAPTER 19 Expanding Democracy Immigration and Migration CHAPTER The First World War 19 HOME “The world must be made safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson, 1917

3. What do you know? • • What images come to mind when you think about the First World War? • • Which countries played major roles in the First World War? • • What have you read or heard about the war? • What movies or television programs have you seen that deal with the war? How were both sides in the conflict portrayed? CHAPTER The First World War 19 HOME “The world must be made safe for democracy.” President Woodrow Wilson, 1917

4. May 1915 German U-boats sink the British liner Lusitania. August 1914 Panama Canal officially opens. April 1917America enters the First World War. January 1918President Wilson proposes the League of Nations. May 1918Congress passes the Sedition Act. June 1919Germany signs the Treaty of Versailles. 1920Nineteenth Amendment granting women suffrage becomes law. October 1919President Wilson suffers a stroke. CHAPTER Time Line 19 HOME The United States

5. June 1914Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria and his wife are assassinated in Sarajevo. January 1916The Allies withdraw from the Dardanelles after suffering more than 200,000 casualties. August 1914Germany declares war on Russia and France. Great Britain declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. January 1917Germany resumes unrestricted submarine warfare. March 1917Russian Revolution results in the overthrow of czarist regime. 1918Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks establish a Communist regime in Russia. CHAPTER Time Line 19 HOME The World

6. Learn About the international politics that led to war in Europe. To Understand why the United States finally became involved in the world war. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME

7. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME Key Idea Long-term tensions erupt into a devastating war among European nations, while the United States tries to remain neutral.

8. Section 1: World War I Begins • Causes of World War I • Nationalism, Imperialism, militarism, & the formation of a system of alliances • Nationalism: a devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation • Larger countries felt the need to protect smaller countries, esp. those of interests • Ex. Russia & Austria Hungry rivals over Serbia

10. Causes of World War I cont… • Imperialism: Competition for colonies • Colonies supplied European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods • Germany competed with France and Britain • Nationalism and Imperialism encouraged each European nation to pursue its own interests and compete for power

13. Militarism • Militarism: the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy • The growth of nationalism and imperialism led to increased military spending • In 1890 Germany had strongest European military • Battle of the Navies • Britain not worried about Germany b/c they were an island nation and had the strongest Navy • 1897 German Kaiser Wilhelm II wanted to build a stronger navy than Britain • France, Italy, Japan, USA all tried to build the largest battleships and destroyers

18. Alliance System • The Triple Entente (Allies) France, Britain, and Russia • The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy • (Later Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the Ottoman Empire: an empire of Middle Eastern lands controlled by the Turks…would become the Central Powers) • These two main alliances were made by 1907

20. An Assassination Leads to War • Balkan Peninsula: many powers had an interest • June 1914 Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austrian throne, was assassinated by a Serbian nationalist Gavrilo Princip • July 28, 1914 Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia • The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict

21. The Fighting Starts • Schlieffen Plan: Germany’s plan of attack • Hold the Russian border • Invade France through Belgium…take Paris • Two German armies would defeat Russia • Germany took Belgium • Allies stop German advance at the Marne River in Sept. 1914 • Three kinds of trenches • Front Line, support, and reserve. • Dugouts: underground rooms where officers met • No Man’s Land: a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barbed wire • Trench Warfare: military operations in which the opposing forces attack and counterattack from systems of fortified ditches rather than on an open battlefield • http://sites.google.com/a/adamscott.ca/world-war-i-museum-feb-2010/the-strategies-room-for-the-first-world-war • http://www.history.com/photos/world-war-i-trench-warfare/photo11#world-war-i-leaders

24. Americans Question Neutrality • Divided loyalties • emigrated: to leave one’s country or region to settle in another • Peace…war was evil • Britain…democratic, common ancestry, etc… • After Germany aggressively swept through Belgium they became know as “the bully of Europe” • America’s economic ties with the Allies were far stronger than with the Central Powers

25. The War Hits Home • The US mobilized for war for two reasons • 1. ensure Allied repayment of debts • 2. prevent the Germans from threatening US shipping • The British Blockade of Germany • Kept out military supplies and food • By 1917 Famine struck Germany…750,000 starved to death • US a little upset w/Britian b/c they could not send goods to Germany • Germany ruined their chance with US with their U-boat response

27. The War Hits Home cont… • German U-boat response • U-boat: submarine • Any ship found in waters around Britain would be sunk • Lusitania: British ship…128 Americans died • Germany continued this practice of unrestricted submarine warfare • This angered Americans and turned them against the Central Powers • The 1916 Election • Democrat Wilson defeated Republican Hughes in a very close race

29. The United States Declares War • Wilson tries to mediate in January 1917 • Germany ignores Wilson’s call for peace • 3 Main events that left Wilson no choice but to enter war • 1. Kaiser announced that U-boats would sink all ships in British waters hostile or neutral…direct aim at US • 2. Zimmerman Note: a telegram from the German foreign minister to the German ambassador in Mexico that was intercepted by British • Proposed an alliance between Mexico and Germany • Germany would help Mexico recover lost territory in Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona • 3. Russian monarch oppressive govt was replaced with a representative govt • American claimed that this was a war of democracy over monarchies • April 1917 America declared war on Germany and joined the Allied forces

31. The U.S. Entrance into World War I Promoted Slowed Cultural links with Great Britain and France. Ethnic ties of German and Irish Americans. Charges of imperialism. Economic ties with Allies. Pacifism. Anger at U-boat attacks. Wilson’s slogan in 1916 campaign. Zimmermann note. SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the events or reasons that promoted and slowed the entrance of the United States into World War I?

32. HYPOTHESIZING If Archduke Franz Ferdinand had not been assassinated, do you think World War I would still have occurred? THINK ABOUT • the long-term causes of World War I • the reason for the archduke’s assassination • the multinational interest in the Balkans SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment

33. ANALYZING ISSUES Why do you think Germany responded to Wilson’s call for “peace without victory” by escalating its U-boat attacks? THINK ABOUT • Germany’s military buildup • its reputation as “the bully of Europe” • its reason for using submarine warfare SECTION 1 World War I Begins HOME 1 Section Assessment

34. Learn About the American experience fighting in the First World War. To Understand how the United States contributed to Allied victory. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME

35. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME Key Idea American forces, though poorly equipped at the outset, tip the balance decisively in favor of the Allies.

36. Section 2: American Power Tips the Balance • America Mobilizes • Selective Service Act: required men to register with the government in order to be randomly selected for military service • 1918, 24 million registered & 3 million drafted • All black 369th Infantry Regiment saw more front line fighting than any other American unit • Women not allowed to enlist • Mass Production: had to expand navy largely b/c of German U-boats • 4 crucial steps US took in expanding fleet • 1. Exempted ship yard workers from the draft • 2. Used a public relations campaign to stress the importance of shipbuilding • 3. Used prefabricating construction techniques • 4. Took control of private ships for transatlantic duty • Had to do this in order to get troops and supplies across the Atlantic

38. America Turns the Tide • Convoy system: heavy guard of destroyers escorted merchant ships back and forth across the Atlantic in groups protecting them from German U-boats • Fighting in Europe: American troops gave Allied forces a much needed energy boost • American Expeditionary Force (AEF): The US forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies

40. The War introduces New Weapons and New Hazards • New Weapons…weapons were either new or highly refined • Machine gun was refined • Tanks and airplanes were innovative • As the war went on both the tank and the airplane continued to develop and make increasing contributions to the war effort for both sides • New Hazards…physical and psychological • Physical: trench foot: disease caused by standing in cold wet trenches for long periods of time without changing into dry socks or boots • Amputate toes or even entire foot • Psychological: shell shock: described a complete emotional collapse from which many never recovered • Poison Gas: a yellow-green chlorine fog sickened, suffocated, burned, and blinded its victims. • Gas masks became standard issue • http://www.firstworldwar.com/weaponry/index.htm

41. American Troops Go on the Offensive • Russia pulled out of the war in 1917…Germany shifted both armies to the western front in France • Germany was 50 miles from France when the US entered the war • US played a major role in keeping the Central Forces out of Paris • Alvin York: one of America’s great war heroes • Conscientious objector: person who opposes warfare on moral grounds • Bible says “thou shall not kill” • York decided that it was morally acceptable to fight if the cause was just

42. The Collapse of Germany • November 3, 1918 Austria-Hungary surrendered to the Allies • Same day Mutinies occurred throughout Germany • Nov. 9th Socialist leaders forced the Kaiser to give up his throne in Berlin…established a German republic • 11th hour on the 11th day in the 11th month of 1918 Germany agreed to an armistice: cease fire • The Final Toll • WWI was the bloodiest war in history up to that time • 22 million deaths (more than half civilians) • 338 billion dollars • US lost 48,000 lives in battle and another 62,000 lives to disease

44. Developing an army. Transporting troops overseas. Building ships and fighter planes. PROBLEMS FACED BY U.S. Avoiding U-boats. Fighting in trenches. Using tanks, airplanes, and machine guns. SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment SUMMARIZING What were some of the problems that Americans faced as they prepared for and participated in World War I?

45. EVALUATING In your opinion, did the U.S. government use fair methods in selecting people to serve in the military? THINK ABOUT • the exemptions to the draft • the role played by women • the treatment of African Americans SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment

46. HYPOTHESIZING How might the events and outcome of World War I have been different if the United States had not sent troops to Europe? THINK ABOUT • the results of battles before the United States entered the war • the role of American soldiers in the fighting • the emotional impact of American troops SECTION 2 American Power Tips the Balance HOME 2 Section Assessment

47. Learn About the political, social, and economic forces unleashed by the war. To Understand how the war changed American society. SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME

48. SECTION 3 The War at Home HOME Key Idea The war unleashes a series of disruptions in American society as the U.S. government attempts to meet the demands of modern warfare.

49. Section 3: The War at Home • Congress gives power to Wilson • Winning the war was not just a job for soldiers • Entire economy focused on the war • Wilson had direct control over economy • Power to fix prices & regulate certain war-related industries • War Industries Board (WIB): federal agency established to increase efficiency and discourage waste in war-related industries • Bernard Baruch: prosperous business-man who reorganized (WIB) • The Railroad Administration & Fuel Administration followed the (WIB) in order to regulate economy • “Gasless Sundays” & “lightless nights” • Daylight Savings Time-Ben Franklin in 1770’s

50. War Economy • National War Labor Board • Workers who refused to obey board could lose their draft exemptions “work or fight” • Board did improved factory conditions, 8 hour work day, safety inspections, enforced child labor ban • Food Administration under Herbert Hoover • Instead of rationing “gospel of the clean plate” • I day meatless & sweetless, 2 days wheatless & porkless…victory gardens • Food shipment to Allies tripled