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Two New Species of Zoanthids from Southern California and Southern Australia

Two New Species of Zoanthids from Southern California and Southern Australia. by Nick Philipp Division Invertebrate Zoology KUMNH Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Sponsored by Dr. Daphne Fautin. Dawson-photo.com. Parazoanthus lucificum Steve Murvine 10 Sept. 2006.

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Two New Species of Zoanthids from Southern California and Southern Australia

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  1. Two New Species of Zoanthids from Southern California and Southern Australia by Nick Philipp Division Invertebrate Zoology KUMNH Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Sponsored by Dr. Daphne Fautin Dawson-photo.com

  2. Parazoanthus lucificumSteve Murvine 10 Sept. 2006 What’s the Issue? • 2 unidentified zoanthid species • Southern California • Southern Australia • What are their names?

  3. Boero, 1982 What’s in a name? Describer and year published Genus name Species name • EpizoanthusscotinusWood, 1957 • Species name is NOT named after describer! • Species name • Matches gender of genus, Latinized, 2 or more letters • May describe the species in some way • May honor someone (Phialella zappai Boero, 1982) • May refer to the place it was discovered

  4. How to go about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • 2nd - What characters define zoanthid groups? • To what groups do these unidentified species belong? • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species? • One of them? Both of them? • How do new species get names?

  5. wetwebmedia.com What are zoanthids? Parazoanthus axinellae -Marine cnidarian polyps -Defining Characters • Single cycle of short tentacles • Unpaired mesenteries added in couples • Weak retractor muscles • Sand incorporating

  6. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  7. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum - Cnidaria • Class - Anthozoa • Order - Zoanthidea • Family • Genus • Species

  8. Diversity of Cnidaria © 1989-2006 Declan McCullagh • Scyphozoa • Jellyfish Proper • Cubozoa • Box Jellyfish • Hydrozoa • Anthozoa • Stony corals, anemones, soft corals, zoanthids planula.com Macrorhynchia philippina Carybdea alata B. Hamner okono.com n2blue.com

  9. Phylum Cnidaria Defining Characteristic Produce nematocysts Microscopic stinging capsules © 1989-2006 Declan McCullagh J.S. Ryland et al. 2004

  10. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum – Cnidaria - Produce nematocysts • Class - Anthozoa • Order - Zoanthidea • Family • Genus • Species

  11. Class Anthozoa • Mesenteries • Radial projections of the body wall into the body cavity • Actinopharynx • Throat-like structure leading from the mouth into the body cavity Anthozoan cross-section

  12. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum – Cnidaria - Produce nematocysts • Class – Anthozoa - Mesenteries, Actinopharynx • Order – Zoanthidea • Single cycle tentacles, unpaired mesenteries • Sub-Order • Family • Genus • Species

  13. Brachycnemina vs. Macrocnemina 1-“In Brachycnemina the fifth couple from the absulcal directive are imperfect…” (Ryland et al., 2003) 2-“In Macrocnemina, the fifth couple are perfect.” (Ryland et al.,2003) 1 2

  14. Parazoanthus lucificumSteve Murvine 10 Sept. 2006 Macrocnemina it is! • Fifth couple is complete. • Other characters of Macrocnemina (J.S. Ryland et al.) • Wide geographic and bathymetric ranges • Often live on other marine invertebrates for added support

  15. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum – Cnidaria - Produce nematocysts • Class – Anthozoa - Mesenteries, Actinopharynx • Order – Zoanthidea • Single cycle tentacles, unpaired mesenteries • Sub-Order – Macrocnemina - Fifth couple is complete • Family • Genus • Species

  16. Family? • Macrocnemina is composed of 2 families: • Epizoanthidae • Single, mesogleal sphincter muscle • Parazoanthidae • Single, endodermal sphincter muscle

  17. What characters define zoanthid groups? • Phylum – Cnidaria - Produce nematocysts • Class – Anthozoa - Mesenteries, Actinopharynx • Order – Zoanthidea • Single cycle tentacles, unpaired mesenteries • Sub-Order – Macrocnemina - Fifth couple is complete • Family - ? - Location of the sphincter muscle • Genus - ? • Species - ?

  18. The next step… • Make sections using histological techniques • Determine where the sphincter muscle is located • The characters used to define genera differ in each family • Once I know the families, I can look further into the genera • Once genera are determined, if in fact new species, they get names

  19. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species?

  20. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • Cnidarian polyps with a single cycle of short tentacles, unpaired mesenteries and weak retractor muscles. • 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species?

  21. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • Defined as having single cycle of short tentacles, unpaired mesenteries and weak retractor muscles. 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species?

  22. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • Defined as having single cycle of short tentacles, unpaired mesenteries and weak retractor muscles. 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? - Found down to level of sub-order, Macrocnemina. - Can now determine family, genus and species. • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species?

  23. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • Defined as having single cycle of short tentacles, unpaired mesenteries and weak retractor muscles. • 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? - Found down to level of sub-order, Macrocnemina. - Can now determine family, genus and species. • 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species?

  24. How I am going about this… • 1st - What are zoanthids? • Defined as having single cycle of short tentacles, unpaired mesenteries and weak retractor muscles. • 2nd - To what groups do these unidentified species belong? - Found down to level of sub-order, Macrocnemina. - Can now determine family, genus and species. 3rd - Are these unidentified animals new species? • If there is enough difference from known species, each undescribed species gets a name.

  25. Works Cited • Ryland, J.S., and Lancaster, J.E., 2003, Revision of methods for separating species of Protopalythoa (Hexacorallia: Zoanthidea) in the tropical West Pacific, Invertebrate Systematics, 17, 407-428. • Photo websites • week.divebums.com/2006/sep11-2006/index.html • www.aloha.com/~lifeguards/jellie75.jpg • www.mccullagh.org/image/d30-20/jellyfish-7.html • www.planula.com.au/ • www.sciencenewsforkids.org • www.wetwebmedia.com

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