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INR 4204

INR 4204. This slide presentation is available on the course’s web page. Relax. Today’s agenda: Distribute quiz info sheet. Questions? Wrapping-up Zakaria’s From Wealth to Power . Zakaria, cont’d.

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INR 4204

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  1. INR 4204 • This slide presentation is available on the course’s web page. Relax. • Today’s agenda: • Distribute quiz info sheet. Questions? • Wrapping-up Zakaria’sFrom Wealth to Power.

  2. Zakaria, cont’d • Z. associates himself with “classical realism:” “Nations will expand their political interests abroad when their relative power increases” (19).

  3. “America’s Ascent” (p. 45) • After the Civil War, “U.S. economic growth reache[ed] a truly stunning pace. . . . ” (45) • America’s “meteoric rise was even more staggering in relative terms.” By the mid-1880s, the US surpassed Britain in manufacturing output. (46)

  4. The Industrialization of Americain the Aftermath of the Civil War (The “Gilded Age”)

  5. Andrew Carnegie, 1835-1919 • Entered business during the civil war • Became the greatest steel baron of the era and America’s richest man. • Was actually a “peacenik”

  6. John D. Rockefeller, 1839-1937 • Oil was found in Pennsylvania in 1859 • R. Bought his first refinery in 1863 • Built the Standard Oil trust—the world’s leading oil empire (mentioned on p. 100)

  7. “With the help of the government, between 1865 and 1875 [railroad] trackage more than doubled to over seventy-four thousand miles” (p. 104). Leland Stanford (1824 - 1893)A Railroad Baron

  8. Zakaria, cont’d • Classical realism’s “great weakness: history furnishes many examples of rising states that did not correspondingly extend their political interests overseas” (p. 32). • The U.S. from 1865 to the early 1890s is such an example. U.S. policy in those years was characterized by “imperial under-stretch”—minimal colonial expansion (see maps on pp. 6-7), a very small navy, a “tiny” Dept. of State, minimal participation in diplomatic conferences (p. 47)

  9. William Seward (1801-1872) • Secretary of State 1861-1869 (under Lincoln and Johnson) • Believed that “Abroad our empire shall no limits know” (p. 44) • Purchased “Seward’s Icebox” in 1867 • His other expansionist schemes were “foiled” (pp. 57-67)

  10. Pres. Ulysses Grant (L) and Sec. of State Hamilton Fish (term: 1869-1877) • Expansion “thwarted again” (pp. 67-75)

  11. Resolving the puzzle of imperial understretch • To redress the “weakness” of classical realism, Z. tweaks it into “State Centered Realism:” “statesmen will expand the nation’s political interests abroad when they perceive a relative increase in STATE power, not national power” (38). • SCR “uses both levels of analysis”—systemic and state-level (p. 188) • Z: U.S. was becoming a rich NATION, but its state apparatus was still weak.

  12. Zakaria, cont’d • See chapter 4 on the rise of the American state: “Between the late 1870s and the late 1890s, America’s political structure changed dramatically as two key institutions gained strength: the federal government and the presidency” (p. 92).

  13. Woodrow Wilson (1856 -1924) • Wrote Congressional Government, 1885 (see p. 90) • Later recanted the book’s thesis (90) • Authored “The Study of Administration” (1887)

  14. Prophets of Expansion

  15. Alfred Thayer Mahan (1840 - 1914)—naval historian and strategist • See Zakaria, p. 134 • Influenced Teddy Roosevelt

  16. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner (1861-1932) • Authored “The Significance of the Frontier in American History” (1893) • Thesis implied that “new lands had to be found to save American freedom” (Zakaria, p. 135)

  17. Practitioners of Expansion

  18. President William McKinley (1843-1901)“The first modern chief executive” (LaFeber, 196) • Went to war against Spain (1898). Resulted in the occupation of Cuba; annexation of the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, Guam (see maps on p. 7) • Declared “open door” policy in China. Sent 5,000 troops there in 1900 (161-64).

  19. Theodore Roosevelt (1858-1919):An “unabashed expansionist” (p. 164) • Led the “rough riders” • Built Panama Canal and “midwived” Panama (165-68) • Proclaimed “Roosevelt Corollary” (p. 170) • Intervened in Santo Domingo (170-71) • Arbitrated Russo-Japanese dispute (172)

  20. Discussion question (if time permits): • Z. ends the book on an optimistic note (190-92). Is it warranted, especially with regard to the rise of China? • Photo: Shanghai’s skyline

  21. Google in Beijing

  22. Beijing’s second ring road

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