youtu.be/2rz5_eg-dZY 2:57-6:08

1. Trafficking in Persons: U.S. Policy and Issues for CongressBy: Wanda Nixon, Marie King, Edward Smith, Venecya Gavin

2. http://youtu.be/2rz5_eg-dZY2:57-6:08

3. Human trafficking is a form of modern-day slavery where people profit from the control and exploitation of others. As defined under U.S. federal law, victims of human trafficking include children involved in the sex trade, adults age 18 or over who are coerced or deceived into commercial sex acts, and anyone forced into different forms of "labor or services," such as domestic workers held in a home, or farm-workers forced to labor against their will.

4. Trafficking in persons, or human trafficking, is a tragically widespread form of modern-day slavery. Pursuing and prosecuting traffickers and rescuing victims of trafficking are high priorities of the Department of Justice. The Office of Legal Policy coordinates the development of the Department's anti-trafficking policies and is responsible for compiling the Attorney General's Annual Report to Congress on U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons and the Assessment of U.S. Government Efforts to Combat Trafficking in Persons. The Assistant Attorney General serves as the Department's representative to the Senior Policy Operating Group, an Executive level policy implementation group created to address emerging interagency policy, grants, and planning issues.

5. The factors that each of these situations have in common are elements of force, fraud, or coercion that are used to control people. Then, that control is tied to inducing someone into commercial sex acts, or labor or services. Numerous people in the field have summed up the concept of human trafficking as "compelled service." Every year, human traffickers generate billions of dollars in profits by victimizing millions of people around the world, and here in the United States. Human trafficking is considered to be one of the fastest growing criminal industries in the world.

6. Interest Groups, Advocacy Groups, Professionals, and Elected Officials

7. Interest groups, advocacy groups, professionals and elected officials who have participated in sharing the policy • Catholic Relief Services • End Slavery Now • ADIAS • Safe Horizon • Polaris Project (to name a few)

8. Catholic Relief Services • Promote human development by responding to major emergencies, fighting disease and poverty, and nurturing peaceful and just societies; and, • As part of the universal mission of the Catholic Church, work with local, national and international Catholic institutions and structures, as well as other organizations, to assist people on the basis of need, not creed, race or nationality.

9. End Slavery Now • Helps give every single slave their freedom. By empowering every person who is willing to help end modern slavery and human trafficking with the best possible tools, information and opportunities so they can make a meaningful contribution. And, help anti-slavery organizations increase their efficiency by fostering collaboration between them, showcasing established best practices, highlighting available resources, and connecting them with the volunteers they need. • End Slavery Now receives generous funding from The Greenbaum Foundation to make these online resources possible for abolitionists worldwide, and for all our nonprofit partners working hard to fight modern slavery and human trafficking.

10. ADIAS • ADIAS Group strictly prohibits the use of forced labor and human trafficking in all company operations and in the global supply chain. • Says “no” to exploitative labor practices and to any associated criminal conduct.

11. Safe Horizon • Safe Horizon is the largest victims’ services agency in the United States, touching the lives of more than 250,000 children, adults, and families affected by crime and abuse throughout New York City each year. Offers assistance to victims through 57 program locations, including shelter, in-person counseling, legal services, and more. • Since 1978, Safe Horizon has provided victims of domestic violence, child abuse, human trafficking, rape and sexual assault, as well as homeless youth and families of homicide victims, with a wide range of comprehensive support. Our programs also partner with governmental and other community agencies to offer additional assistance, including finding resources for those living outside New York City. • Safe Horizon also advocates for policies on a local, state, and national level on behalf of those affected by violence and abuse.

12. Polaris Project • One of the leading organizations in the global fight against human trafficking and modern-day slavery.  Named after the North Star "Polaris" that guided slaves to freedom along the Underground Railroad, Polaris Project is transforming the way that individuals and communities respond to human trafficking, in the U.S. and globally. • By successfully pushing for stronger federal and state laws, operating the National Human Trafficking Resource Center hotline, conducting trainings, and providing vital services to victims of trafficking, Polaris Project creates long-term solutions that move our society closer to a world without slavery.

13. Gaps Flaws or Omissions

14. H. R. 7311 One Hundred Tenth Congress of the United States of America http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/wilberforce-act.pdf

15. Victims The Criminal Section of the Civil Rights Division provides services to victims of civil rights violations, including human trafficking. Victim/Witness Coordinators are available to provide assistance with accessing services such as • case management • Housing • medical care • counseling • shelter As mandated by the Attorney General Guidelines for Victim and Witness Assistance (2005), all victims of federal crime are entitled to certain rights under the law. These rights include:

16. According to the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (2000), victims of human trafficking are eligible for certain forms of immigration relief. A Victim/Witness Coordinator can assist with information on these services.

17. The right to be reasonably protected from the accused. • The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, involving the crime or of any release or escape of the accused. • The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding, unless the court, after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines that testimony by the victim would be materially altered if the victim heard other testimony at that proceeding. • The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district court involving release, plea, [or] sentencing, or any parole proceeding. • The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the case. • The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law. • The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay. • The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim’s dignity and privacy.

18. Fact Sheet: Distinctions Between Human Smuggling and Human Trafficking

19. Demographics for the Data Analysis Report: For the United States: 2011

20. Social and Cultural Factors That Influence Policy

21. Globalization of the world economy has increased movement of people across the borders legally and illegally. • It is estimated that between 600,00 and 800,00 people are trafficked across borders each year. • 56% being for labor exploitation and 98% for sexual exploitation. 

22. Social Factors • The high demand world wide for women and children to work as in sweat shops, or as sex workers, or domestic servants and men as cheap labor encourages traffickers • And the tax free profits of up to 7 billion dollars, and the low risk for prosecution also foster this crime.

23. Social Factors • Even if trafficked victims are identified, perpetrators can move them to new locations and more or less get away with it because the victims are often reluctant to talk due to fear, shame, and the stigma associated with their experiences. • The traffickers often use fear as a way to keep the victims in line. Telling the victims that they can be charged for illegal migration or prostitution (entering the United States illegally is a crime, and law enforcement could view the trafficked person as a criminal co-conspirator) and the trafficker makes sure the victim is aware of that law.

24. Cultural Factors • Trafficking occurs in the majority of poor countries. Countries where there is social uprisings, government corruption, and lack of opportunities. • Some cultures emphasize the importance of family over individual needs. Some children may feel they have to sacrifice themselves for their family when traffickers promise money. Traffickers also know that they can threaten to hurt victims' families to keep them from escaping. • In many cultures, boys are more highly valued than girls they are the families social security, therefore , girls are considered more dispensable and given over to traffickers more freely. • The demand of American society alone is a cultural factor, the U.S puts demands on different cultures for different foods and goods and in order to accommodate and make a profit the farmer or the person supplying the goods,  looks to the traffickers for cheap labor.

25. The Development of the Human Trafficking Policies

26. The Development of the Human Trafficking Policies • Gained attention in the US and worldwide in the 1990s • Reason for some trafficking is because societies favor sons more than the daughter • They view the daughter as an economic burden • Desperate families reportedly have sold their daughters for immediate payoffs. • The selling of a daughter is to avoid paying the dowry to marry off their daughters.

27. Reason’s Human Trafficking Continues • Lack of opportunity the women are presented with in these poorer countries • Lack of opportunity has made females vulnerable to entrapment by traffickers • Law enforcement in post-communist societies have weakened allowing criminal organizations to grow • Because of poor economic statuses women take chances on job offerings in other countries • These foreign job offers range from being a model, dancing, domestic workers and etc.

28. Facts • Human Trafficking entraps 2 million victims and generates 7 billion in criminal profits • 3rd among criminal activities behind drugs and arm sales for criminal organizations • 50,000 people are trafficked yearly in the U.S • 30,000 sexual slaves die each year worldwide due to torture, neglect and sexual diseases • 15,000 Latin Americans are trafficked into the U.S each year with promises of work

29. Works cited • http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview • http://www.polarisproject.org/human-trafficking/overview • http://www.justice.gov/archive/olp/human_trafficking.htm • http://crs.org/slavery-human-trafficking/?gclid=CPPvkd2a07MCFQGFnQodxCcAbg • http://www.endslaverynow.com/?goto=legislation&section=government • http://www.adidas-group.com/en/sustainability/assets/governance/2011_Oct_Policy_on_forced_labour_and_human_trafficking.pdf • http://www.safehorizon.org/index/what-we-do-2/anti-trafficking-program-13.html?gclid=CMu3vfqa07MCFQeDnQodmXYA3Q • http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/ag_guidelines.pdf • http://www.justice.gov/olp/pdf/wilberforce-act.pdf • http://www.state.gov/m/ds/hstcenter/90434.htm--- • http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/192598.pdfwww.bookpump.com/dps/pdf-b/1122837b.pdf • www.netce.com/coursecontent.php?courseid=771