Get Ready!

1. Get Ready! Which of the following describes the policy adopted during the 1820s and 1830s as a permanent solution to the Native American problem?: A. the removal of Native Americans to lands west of the Mississippi. B. the payment of Native Americans to migrate to Canada. C. the establishment of reservations in various sections of the country. D. the forced migration of Native Americans to territories owned by Mexico. E. the assimilation of Native Americans by breaking up tribes and granting American citizenship to individual members.

2. November 12, 2012 • Objective 11 – The Election of Andrew Jackson • Presidential Video • Presidential Page - Andrew Jackson – due 11/14 and 11/15

3. Alexis de Tocqueville

4. Less than 50% of white men could vote The Growth of Democracy • From 1824 to 1840, democracy was extended to more Americans: • Before 1800, most states limited the right to vote exclusively to property owners & taxpayers • By 1840, these restrictions were removed for most white men • Nowhere else in the world was the right to vote as widespread as in the USA This increase in “democracy” was a major shift from the “virtuous republic” envisioned by Jefferson & Hamilton 90% of white men could vote

5. Westward expansion led to increased suffrage for “common” men in the “new states” who did not qualify in the “older states” Jefferson’s vision of “republicanism” did not apply in the West because there were no “virtuous elite” to rule for the people By 1840, more than 90% of all adult white men could vote (“universal white male suffrage”) As more western states extended democracy to “common men,” political parties in eastern states felt pressure to do the same But…this extension of suffrage did not include African-Americans or women

6. Universal Manhood Suffrage • Political parties developed new types of politicking in order to reach “new voters” • In the 1820s, politicians began using campaigns, parades, slogans to appeal to the masses • Well-organized, statewide “political machines” developed • Party loyalty became expected • Partisan newspapers boomed

8. Democratic Culture • Inthe1830s,highliteracy&cheap printing allowed artists & writers to work for a “mass” audience: • Popular genres include romanticism, gothic horror, & landscape paintings • Authors included Emerson, Melville, Hawthorne, Whitman, Poe; showed human nature, morality, romanticism • Transcendentalist Movement

9. But, because no one candidate received 51% of the electoral votes, the House of Reps had to determine the presidential winner JQ Adams won NE Adams won when Henry Clay threw his support behind him Led to charges that Adams had "bought" the presidency (Corrupt Bargain!!) Crawford won VA but few other Southern states Clay’s influence was limited to a few western states Jackson did well in the South & the West

10. Jackson Comes to Power “Democrats” distinguished themselves as different from the “Nationalist Republicans” who had strayed from the Jeffersonian ideal • “Jacksonians” prepared for the election of 1828 by creating a well-organized, national campaign • Jackson (TN) formed a coalition with Adams’ VP Calhoun (SC), Van Buren (NY), & 2 newspaper editors (KY) to rival JQ Adams • Formed the basis of 1st modern politicalparty,callingthemselves the “Democrats” But, these “Jacksonian Democrats” are not going to mirror the “Jeffersonian Republicans”

11. Jackson Comes to Power Democrats presented Jackson as “Old Hickory,” uneducated, a hero, a dueler & a man of the people Democrats painted Adams as an out-of-touch aristocrat • The election of 1828 changed American politics: • Showed the effectiveness of political parties in elections • It was the 1st election with overt mudslinging & propaganda • Exciting appeals to average the man (public rallies & barbeques) • Jackson won the election as a “common man of the people” “Ms. Jackson is a bigamist” & “Ms. Adams is a bastard”

12. Jackson’s wild & rowdy inauguration Who is Andrew Jackson?

13. Jackson Comes to Power • Jackson was a popular candidate but it was not clear what type of president Jackson would be: • Jackson’s supporters wanted states’ rights & limited gov’t • During the campaign, Jackson never clarified his stand on major issues: banks, tariffs, etc. • Only stood for Indian removal

14. Conclusions • In the 1820s & 1830s, America became more democratic: • Westward expansion facilitated the expansion of suffrage for common white men • Led to unprecedented voter participation by citizens • Allowed for a new breed of “common man” politicians to come to power

15. Spoils System • When Jackson was elected, he rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs (the spoils system) • Massive turnover in the civil service had not yet occurred • Rotation in office began to be seen as a very democratic way to reduce gov’t corruption & incompetence Jackson was not the 1st to do this… he just extended it to more people! “Get their rascals out…and our rascals in”

16. Spoils System • When Jackson was elected, he rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs (the spoils system) • Massive turnover in the civil service had not yet occurred • Rotation in office began to be seen as a very democratic way to reduce gov’t corruption & incompetence Jackson was not the 1st to do this… he just extended it to more people! “Get their rascals out…and our rascals in”

17. The Peggy Eaton Affair • Jackson’ s presidency began rough with the Petticoat Affair: • His entire cabinet resigned when Jackson supported the moral character of Sec of War John Eaton’s wife • Jackson formed a new cabinet but relied almost exclusively on his close friends & unofficial advisors (the “Kitchen Cabinet”) Only Sec of State Van Buren remained loyal to Jackson