The Early Industrial Revolution

1. The Early Industrial Revolution 1760-1851

2. The Industrial Revolution • An economic and social transformation • Occurred in the 18th century • The revolution brought innovations in manufacturing, mining, transportation, and communications • Changes occurred in society and commerce

3. The Industrial Revolution • The industrializing countries (Britain, Western Europe) increased highly in production & productivity • It was a time where the rich had power over the poor

4. Society Changes • Deforestation was occurring more often • Cheap Labor : • Child labor • Irish Men and Women • American women • The workers were being put to work long hours in dangerous factories • More began to demand for slaves once Child Labor Laws were passed

5. The Industrial Revolution occurred mainly because of: • Population growth • The agricultural revolution • Trade • Britain and continental Europe

6. Population Growth Population growth due to: • More reliable food sources • Earlier Marriage • Higher Birthrates • Better Medicine • Migration into the city • Widespread resistance to diseases

7. The Agricultural Revolution • Only rich land owners afforded the investment of new crops and new farming methods • The wealthy land owners enclosed their land to apply new scientific farming methods

8. The Agricultural Revolution • New forage and food crops (mostly from the Americas) produced more food per acre • Farmers raised more cattle, resulting in more milk and meat

9. Trade • Increasing demands in Europe for goods resulted in increasing productions through workshops and the putting-out system • Once population growth occurred, innovation, technology, and trade grew

10. Britain and Continental Europe • Eighteenth-century Britain had economic growth, population growth, people who were willing to put new ideas into practice, strong mining and metal industries, the world’s largest merchant marine, and a good water transportation system. • European governments played a significant role in fostering industrialization.

11. The Technological Revolution Mass Production: Pottery • Pottery was imported or handmade • Only the wealthy could afford the fine Chinese porcelain • Produced for the courts and aristocracy

12. Mechanization: The cotton industry • Cotton plant did not grow in Europe • The cotton industry was the largest industry in this period • The beginning of 1760 resulted in the spinning jenny(1764), the water frame (1769), and the mule (1785) • The increased supply of cotton thread and the demand for cotton cloth led to the invention of power looms and other machinery and processes for cotton textile productions • Cotton became America’s most important crop

13. The Iron Industry • Iron production brought deforestation therefore the price for charcoal increased • Iron was a rare and valuable metal outside of China • British began to produce lots of cheap iron, this increased production and lowered the cost. • Iron was used to build the Crystal Palace

14. The Iron Industry • “The American system of manufactures” was the use of machinery to mass-produce consumer goods with identical parts • Interchangeable parts originated in the eighteenth century but was widely adopted in the nineteenth century

15. The Steam Engine • The steam engine was the most revolutionary invention of the Industrial Revolution • In 1769 James Watt improved the Newcomen engine and began to manufacture engines for sale to manufactures • In France and America the steam engine was used to power riverboats

16. Railroads • More powerful high-pressure steam engines were used to power steam locomotives that replaced the horses on horse-power railways • In the 1840’s and 1850’s railways linked the United States together and agricultural development was opened to the Midwest

17. Communication over Wires •  Two systems of telegraphs were invented in 1837: Wheatestone and Cook’s five needle and Morse’s dots and dashes system. •   It was the beginning of a global communication system

18. The New Industrial Cities • Industrialism caused a rapid growth in towns & the development ofmegalopolises like Greater London •  Population growth made urban problems more serious because of lackon necessities such as sewage disposal. •  Municipal reforms began to help improve urban life

19. Rural Environments • New transportation systems changed rural life by creating faster means of getting from place to place • The smaller demand for agricultural products led to an improvement in the English land.

20. Working conditions • The Industrial Revolution increased the demand for cotton, sugar, and coffee • New, highly paid opportunities for some craftsmen, but mostly badly paid jobs for unskilled workers •  Women workers were mostly in textile mills and earned less than men •  High rates of child labor because of poverty and a preference for childworkers •  In America, Industrialism offered good wages and working conditions to women early on, but later harsher conditions became the standard.

21. Laissez Faire and Its Critics • Adam Smith was the most famous believer in the laissez-faire doctrine. Thomas Malthus and David Ricardo thought that instead of government help, poverty and over-population should be fixed by delayed marriage and sexual restraint. •  Laissez-faire: the government shouldn’t interfere in business • Jeremy Bentham and Friedrich List believed that the government should manage the economy and deal with social problems.

22. Positivists and Utopian Socialists • In France, the count of Saint-Simon created positivism, which said that scientific method could also solve social problems •  Charles Fourier and Robert Owen were utopian socialists, andimagined ideal worlds without capitalists and where there was prosperity for everyone.

23. Protests and Reforms • Workers initial responses to bad working conditions was to change jobs, not report for work, do bad work, and participate in strikes •  Later, workers developed trade unions and benevolent societies •  The British Government was persuaded to investigate the issues with industrialism and passed new legislation: Factory Act of 1833, Mines Act of 1842, and Repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846

24. Key terms: • Industrial Revolution: The time of a dramatic increase in mining and manufacturing • Josiah Wedgwood: He opened the first pottery business in 1759, also he was an inventor • Agricultural revolution: a time of new food being accepted in Europe and the spread of different kinds of food • Mass production: the process of making identical items by breaking things down into simple tasks

25. Key terms: • Division of labor: Dividing parts of labor into specialized tasks • Mechanization: the use of machines to do work usually done by hand, increased the amount of work made and lowered prices • Richard Arkwright: an inventor who came up with the spinning machine and the water frame • Crystal palace: A large green house which housed huge trees

26. Key terms: • Steam engine: a train that ran on steam which increased the amount of transportation of products • James Watt: designed the steam engine, and was in the Lunar Society • Electric telegraph: made communication over large distances easier and was introduced in 1837 • Business cycles: the constant cycle of hard economic times and booming times

27. Key terms: • Laissez faire: meant "Let them do" • Mercantilism: the idea that government should regulate trade in order to maximize the load of precious metals • Positivism: is the idea that everyone should be protected under leaders • Utopian socialism: the idea of having many people all working and living in the same place of work