The Industrial Revolution

1. The Industrial Revolution

2. Industrial England: "Workshop of the World" That Nation of Shopkeepers! -- Napoleon Bonaparte

3. Late 18c: French Economic Advantages • Napoleonic Code= uniform laws • French communal law. • Free contracts • Open markets • Uniform & clear commercial regulations • Standards weights & measures. • Established technical schools. • The government encouraged & inventors & inventions. • Bank of France  European modelproviding a reliable currency.

4. French Economic Disadvantages • Years of war • Seven Years/French & Indian War • Supported the American Revolution. • French Revolution. • Early 19c  Napoleonic Wars • Revolutions of 1830s & 1848 • Heavy debts. • High unemployment  soldiersreturning from the battlefronts. • French businessmen were afraid to take risks.

5. Ch 9 Section 1 HO Why Did Industrialization Begin in England First?

6. 1700: Wealthy Farmers began to buy up small plots making LARGE FARMS Large landowners dramatically improved farming method out of necessity to make these large farmer profitable Wealthy Land Owners used ENCLOSURES ENLCOSED their land with fences or hedges to protect their larger growing fields. Disallowing other to use the land for grazing Experimented to discover more productive farming methods to increase crop yields (new methods cost $$) Jethro Tull = discovered new way to sow seeds by inventing the SEED DRILL in 1701 Forced small farmers to become tenant farmers or pushed them out of farming & into the cities Farming Innovation Seed drill- more germination for less Money Crop Rotation- better & bigger crops Livestock – better & bigger livestock Robert Bakewell increased yield thru selective breeding Increasing size and health of the livestock Agricultural Revolution

7. The Enclosure Movement

8. “Enclosed” Lands Today

9. Factors of Production Natural Resources Land, Labor, Ore, Coal, Waterways, Rivers, Canals, etc. Labor- population increased dramatically due to the Agricultural Revolution Capital: (Extra Money to invest) Machinery factories Market people with $$$ to buy goods & services produced) What is Necessary for an Industrial Revolution to Occur?

10. Metals, Woolens, & Canals

11. Early Canals Britain’s Earliest Transportation Infrastructure

12. Coalfields & Industrial Areas

13. Coal Mining in Britain:1800-1914

14. British Pig Iron Production

15. Mine & Forge [1840-1880] • More powerful than water is coal. • More powerful than wood is iron. • Innovations make steel feasible. • “Puddling” [1820] – “pig iron.” • “Hot blast” [1829] – cheaper, purer steel. • Bessemer process [1856] – strong, flexible steel.

16. Large Population to work due to the Agricultural Revolution= Large excess labor force Abundant Natural Resources Water power, rivers, harbors: transportation to & from factories & source of resources coal, iron ore: to build machines & tools Highly developed banking system Provided investment Capital – loan for machines Expanding Economy = Capital People could invest in manufacturing Growing overseas trade Mercantilism & colonialism= markets & resources Political stability No wars on British soil Parliament passed laws protecting businesses (mercantilism) Military and Political Success Positive attitude in Britain & a general “climate of Prosperity Britain’s Advantages

17. New Inventions of the Industrial Revolution

18. John Kay’s “Flying Shuttle” 1733- Doubled the work a weaver could do

19. Spinning Wheel- James Hargreaves 1764 1 spinner could work 8 threads 1764, then 25 then 50, etc. Water Frame- Richard Arkwright 1769 Spinning Mule- Samuel Crompton 1779 combo spinning Jenny & Water frame Power Loom- Edmund Cartwright sped up weaving & used water power Steam Engine-James Watt 1765 Faster more efficient (burned less fuel) Transportation Improvements = decrease cost of production Robert Fulton:steamboat 1807 Canals system John Mc Adam: layered stone roads=drainage Trevithick & Stephenson: locomotive Improved all kinds of transportation and machines Inventions & New Technology

20. Power Loom: Edmund Cartwright Sped up weaving!

21. Richard Arkwright: The “Water Frame” Used water power from steam engines to drive spinning wheels

22. The Power Loom

23. James Watt’s Steam Engine Faster more efficient…. Burned LESS fuel

24. Steam Tractor Improved farming capacity

25. Steam Ship Allowed travel UP and DOWN a water way regardless of water or air current… DECREASING THE COST OF PRODUCTION

26. An Early Steam Locomotive Improved overland transport… Factories No longer need to be near water

27. The Impact of the Railroad

28. Social & Economic Changes of the Industrial Revolution

29. Richard Arkwright:“Pioneer of the Factory System” The “Water Frame”

30. Factory Production • Concentrates production in one place [materials, labor]. • Located near sources of power [rather than labor or markets]. • Requires a lot of capital [extra money] investment [factory, machines, etc.] morethan skilled labor. • Only 10% of English industry in 1850.

31. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

32. Factory owners wanted to keep their machines running for as many hours a day as possible SO…. workers were forced to work long hours for starvation wages, often under dangerous & unhealthy conditions; LATER, working conditions & the standard of living would improve. Factory Workers

33. The Factory System • Rigid schedule. • 12-14 hour day. • Dangerous & unhealthy conditions. • Mind-numbing monotony.

34. Textile FactoryWorkers in England

35. Young “Bobbin-Doffers”

36. Child Labor in the Mines Child “hurriers” Average life expectancy of mine workers : 8yrs old

37. Young Coal Miners Most dangerous job!

38. Children as young as 6 began to work in factories with their families for long hours under brutal conditions Children as young as 5 worked in the coal mines Many children died or were injured working in the factories & mines Child labor lawslater brought some reforms. Children

39. Educational opportunities expanded In response to a need for skilled & professional workers. In response to a need for a place for children after child labor laws were imposed & a need to create skilled labor for the future Education:a LONG RUN effect

40. Life Changes during the Industrial Revolution • ..\Ch 9 downloads\Living_History__Living_During_the_Industrial_Revolution.asf

42. The "Haves": Bourgeois Life Thrived on the Luxuries of the Industrial Revolution

43. Enjoyed a comfortable standard of living Experienced a rise in social status. Lower Middle Class factory overseer & skilled worker

44. Benefited Greatly from the Industrial Revolution gained tremendous wealth & status in society joined a growing middle class of skilled workers, professionals, business people, & well-to-do farmers. Wealthy Merchants, Factory Owners, Shippers

45. 19c Bourgeoisie: The Industrial Nouveau Riche

46. Criticism of the New Bourgeoisie

47. Stereotype of the Factory Owner

48. “Upstairs”/“Downstairs” Life

49. Because some factory owners, merchants, & investment bankers grew wealthier, the landowners & noble aristocracy lost some status, respect, and power but continued to look down on those who gained wealth in business. They called them the “nouveau riche” Large landowners & Aristocrats

50. The "Have-Nots": The Poor, The Over-Worked, & the Destitute