Introduction to Systems Analysis and Design Course

1. Aim: This course aims to introduce students to the basic principles of systems analysis and design and to give them experience of developing a software system in a team. Specifically; • introduce students to the traditional practices for specification, design, implementation, testing and operation of information systems,

2. Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this course students should: • understand the qualifications of systems analysts and project managers to design better information systems. • discuss the aims and objectives of information systems in the context of a human activity system for better systems development. • understand analysis and design techniques and methods to meet the special needs of current information systems • use variety of analysis and design methods to specify and propose information systems. • be able to produce and document the key deliverable’s of software development life cycle. • know how to use rational rose. • identify current industry standards for information systems development..

3. Course Outline: • Introduction to Systems Analysis an Design • Fact finding • Use case • DFD • ERD • UML • rational rose

4. Text Book: Whitten & Bentley (2007) System Analysis and Design Methods - 7th Edition Tilley. Rosenblatt (2016)Systems Analysis and Design 11th Edition Kenneth E. Kendall (2019)Systems Analysis and Design Any book whose name starts with “Systems Analysis and Design” definitely helps to grasp the subject better. The following books can be consulted for different approaches or further readings (they are all available)

5. Assessments &Grading • Quizzes/ Homeworks • Term Project • Midterm • Final • In-class participation

6. Each Session

7. Chapter1 Introduction to SystemsAnalysis andDesign

8.  Describe the impact ofinformation technology  Define systems analysis and design and the role of a systemsanalyst  Define an information system and describe itscomponents  Explain how to use business profilesand models  Explain Internet business strategies and relationships, including B2C andB2B 8

9.  Identify various types of information systems and explain who usesthem  Distinguish among structured analysis, object-oriented analysis, and agilemethods  Explain the waterfall model, and how ithas evolved  Discuss the role of the information technology department and the systems analysts who workthere 9

10. Companies use information as a weapon in the battleto increase productivity, deliver quality products and services, maintain customer loyalty, and make sounddecisions • Informationtechnology can mean the difference between success andfailure FIGURE 1-1 These headlines show the enormous impact of information technology on ourlives. 10

11.  Information Technology(IT) • Combination of hardware and software products and services that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and shareinformation •  Welcome to the 21st Century: The IT Journey Continues • Changes in theworld • Changes intechnology • Changes in clientdemand FIGURE 1-3 Howtimes havechanged! 11

12.  Systems Analysis andDesign •  Step-by-step process for developing high-quality informationsystems • What Does a Systems AnalystDo? • Plan, develop, and maintain informationsystems • Also manages IT projects, including tasks, resources, schedules, andcosts • Conducts meetings, delivers presentations, and writes • memos, reports, anddocumentation 12

13. A system is a set of related components that produces specificresults • Mission-critical systemsare vital to a company’s operations • Information systemshave five key components: hardware,software, • data, processes, andpeople FIGURE 1-6 An information system needs thesecomponents. 13

14.  Hardware • Is the physical layer of the informationsystem • Moore’sLaw •  Software • Systemsoftware • Applicationsoftware • Horizontalsystem • Verticalsystem • Legacy systems • FIGURE 1-7 Server farms provide the enormous power and speed that modern IT systems need. 14

15.  Data • Tables storedata • Linked tableswork together to supply data •  Processes • Describe the tasks and business functions that users, managers, and IT staff members performto achieve specificresults •  People • Stakeholders • Users or end users • FIGURE 1-8 In a typical payroll system, data is stored in separate tables that are linked to form an overalldatabase. 15

16. FIGURE 1-14 A simple businessmodel might consist of an event, three processes, and a result. FIGURE 1-15 This sample uses business process modeling notation (BPMN) to represent the same events, processes, and workflow shownin Figure1-14. 15

17. Business InformationSystems • The oldway: • Administrative staff used officesystems • Operational people used operationalsystems • Middle managers used decision supportsystems • Top managers used executive informationsystems • The “now”way • All employees use office productivitysystems • Operations users require decision supportsystems

18. A new set of systemdefinitions • Enterprise computingsystems • Transaction processingsystems • Business support systems • Knowledge managementsystems • User productivitysystems

19. EnterpriseComputing • Information systems that supportcompany-wide operations and data managementrequirements • Examples: • Wal-Mart’s inventory controlsystem • Boeing’s production controlsystem • Hilton Hotels’ reservationsystem •  Applications called enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems provide cost-effective support for users and managers throughout thecompany

20. TransactionProcessing •  Transaction processing (TP) systems process data generated by day-to-day business operations Examples: • Customer orderprocessing • Accountsreceivable • Warranty claimprocessing •  A TP system verifies customer data, checks customer credit,checks stock status, posts to accountsreceivable, • adjusts inventorylevels, • and updates the salesfile • FIGURE 1-17 A single salestransaction • consists of six separate tasks, which the TP system processes as agroup.

21. BusinessSupport •  Provide job-related information support to usersat all levels of acompany • Can work hand-in-hand with a TPsystem • New development isRFID •  Radio frequency identification (RFID) technologyuses • high-frequency radio waves to trackphysical objects. • FIGURE 1-18 With an RFID tag, items can be tracked and monitored throughout the shippingprocess.

22.  KnowledgeManagement • Uses a large database called a knowledge base • Allows users to find informationby enteringkeywords • Uses inference rules, which are logical rules that identify data patterns and relationships

23.  UserProductivity • Technology that improvesproductivity • Groupware •  SystemsIntegration • Most large companies require systems that combine transaction processing, business support, knowledge management, and user productivity features

24. What the costumer needed?

26. FIGURE 1-20 A typical organizational model identifies business functions and organizationallevels.

27.  TopManagers • Develop long-range strategic plans, which define the company’s overall mission andgoals • Need information on economic forecasts, technology trends, competitive threats, and governmentalissue •  Middle Managers and KnowledgeWorkers • Provide direction, necessary resources, and performance feedback to supervisors andteam leaders • Need more detailed information than top managers

28.  Supervisors and TeamLeaders • Oversee operational employees and carry out day-to-dayfunctions • Need decision support information, knowledge management systems, and user productivity systems •  OperationalEmployees • Rely on TP systems to enter and receive data they need to perform theirjobs • Need information to handle tasks and make decisions previously made bysupervisors

29.  Modeling • Businessmodel • Requirementsmodel • Datamodel • Objectmodel • Networkmodel • Processmodel FIGURE 1-21 Microsoft Visio allows you to drag and drop various symbols and connect them to show a businessprocess.

30.  Prototyping • Early working version of an information system • Speeds up the development processsignificantly • Important decisions might be made tooearly, before business or IT issues are thoroughly understood • A prototype based on careful fact-finding and modeling techniques can be an extremely valuabletool

31.  Computer-Aided Systems Engineering (CASE)Tools • Provide an overall framework for systems development and support a wide variety of design methodologies suchas: • Structuredanalysis • Object-orientedanalysis • Can generate program code, which speedsthe • implementationprocess

32.  StructuredAnalysis • Traditional method for developingsystems • Organized intophases •  Object-OrientedAnalysis • More recent method for developingsystems • Objects represent actual people, things, or events •  Agile/AdaptiveMethods • Latest trend in softwaredevelopment • Team-based effort broken down intocycles

33.  StructuredAnalysis • Time-tested and easy tounderstand • Uses phases called the systems development life cycle(SDLC) • Predictiveapproach • Uses process models to describe a system graphically • FIGURE 1-24 This Visible Analyst screen shows a process model for a school registration system. The REGISTER STUDENTS process accepts input data from two sources and transforms it into outputdata. 30

34. The SDLC model usually includes five steps • SystemsPlanning • Systems Analysis • SystemsDesign • SystemsImplementation • Systems Security and Support • FIGURE 1-25 Development phases and deliverables are shown in the waterfall model. The circular symbols indicate interaction among the phases.

35.  Systems Planning • Systems request – begins the process and describes problems or desiredchanges • Purpose of this phase is to perform apreliminary • investigation – a criticalstep • Key part of preliminary investigation is a feasibility study

36.  SystemsAnalysis • Build a logical model of the newsystem • Perform fact-finding techniques • Build business models, data and process models,and • objectmodels • Deliverable is the system requirementsdocument

37.  SystemsDesign • Create a physical model that satisfies all documented requirements • Design user interface • Identify outputs, inputs, andprocesses • Deliverable is the system designspecification • Management and user involvement iscritical

38.  SystemsImplementation • New system isconstructed • Programs are written andtested • System isinstalled • Deliverable is a completely functioningand • documented informationsystem •  Systems Support andSecurity • A well-designed system must be secure,reliable, • maintainable, andscalable • Most information systems need to be updated significantly or replaced after several years of operation

39.  Object-OrientedAnalysis • Combines data and the processes that act on the data into things calledobjects • Objects are members of a class, which is a collection of similarobjects • Built-in processes, called methods, can change an object’s properties • O-O methodology provides easy transition to O-O programming languages likeJava FIGURE 1-26 The PERSON class includes INSTRUCTOR and STUDENT objects, which have their own properties and inherited properties. 36

40.  AgileMethods • Newest development technique as systems are developedincrementally • A series of prototypes are built and adjusted to meet userrequirements • As the process continues, developers revise, extend, and merge earlier versions into the final product • Agile method emphasizes continuousfeedback •  Iterativedevelopment • Agile community has published the AgileManifesto • Spiralmodel

41.  AgileMethods • Agile process determines the endresult • Other adaptive variations and related methodsexist • Two examples are Scrum and Extreme Programming(XP) • Analysts should understand the pros and consof any approach before selecting a development method

42.  Other DevelopmentMethods •  Teams consists of IT staff, users, andmanagers • joint application development(JAD) • Focuses on team-basedfact-finding • Rapid application development(RAD) • A compressed version of the entire development process

43.  Develop a projectplan  Involve users and listen carefully tothem  Use project management tools to identify tasks andmilestones  Develop accurate cost and benefit information  Remainflexible

44. FIGURE 1-29 Depending on its size, an IT department might have separate organizational units for these functions, or they might be combined into a smaller number ofteams.

45. ApplicationDevelopment • – Systems are developed by teams consistingof users, managers, and IT staffmembers • Knowledge, Skills, andEducation • Need technical knowledge, strong oral and written communication skills and analytic ability, an understandingof business operations, andcritical thinkingskills • Certification • – Importantcredential

46. ApplicationDevelopment • Systems are developed by teams consisting of users, managers, and IT staffmembers • Systems Support andSecurity • Provides vital protection and maintenanceservices • UserSupport • Provides users with technical information,training, and productivitysupport

47. DatabaseAdministration  Involves data design, management, security, backup, and access systems NetworkAdministration  Includes hardware and software maintenance, support, andsecurity WebSupport  Web support specialists design and construct Web pages, monitor traffic, manage hardware and software, and link Web-based applications to the company’s informationsystems QualityAssurance  Team that reviews and tests all applications andsystems changes to verify specifications and software qualitystandards

48.  Role •  Knowledge, Skills, andEducation • TechnicalKnowledge • CommunicationSkills • BusinessSkills • CriticalThinking Skills • Education • Certification • Analysts build a series of models, diagrams, and decision tables and uses other descriptive toolsand techniques • An analyst’s mostvaluable skill is the ability tolisten • An effective analyst will involve users in everystep of the development process

49.  Career Opportunities • Companies will need systems analysts to apply new information technology, and the explosion in e-commerce will fuel IT jobgrowth •  What’simportant? • JobTitles • CompanyOrganization • CompanySize • Salary, Location and FutureGrowth • CorporateCulture

50. IT refers to the combination of hardwareand software resources that companies use to manage, access, communicate, and share information • The essential components of an information system are hardware, software, data, processes, andpeople • Successful companies offer a mix of products, technical and financialservices, consulting, and customersupport