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C.W. Shelmerdine Introduction to Greek 2 nd edition (Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008). Chapter 18. Shelmerdine Chapter 18. Active imperatives of thematic verbs Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs
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C.W. ShelmerdineIntroduction to Greek 2nd edition(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008) Chapter 18
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Active imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Active imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • Recall the present imperative active from Chapter 8.3 (λῦε, etc.). • The imperative mood exists in two tenses (present and aorist) and all three voices (active, middle, passive).
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • The imperative indicates a command (Go! Stay!). • The tenses of the imperative differ only in aspect, not in time: • λάμβανε (present) “Hold on!” • λαβέ (aorist) “Grab it!”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • Present imperatives 2nd singular: –ε (active) –εσο (middle/passive) λῦε(active); λύεσο λύου(middle/passive) 2nd plural: –ετε (active) –εσθε (middle/passive) λύετε(active); λύεσθε(middle/passive) 3rd singular: –έτω (active) –έσθω (middle/passive) λυέτω(active); λυέσθω(middle/passive) 3rd plural: –όντων (active) –έσθων (middle/passive) λυόντων(active); λυέσθων(middle/passive)
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • 1st (weak) aorist imperatives 2nd singular: –ον (active) –αι (middle) λῦσον(active); λῦσαι(middle) 2nd plural: –ατε (active) –ασθε (middle) λύσατε(active); λύσασθε(middle) 3rd singular: –άτω (active) –άσθω (middle) λυσάτω(active); λυσάσθω(middle) 3rd plural: –άντων (active) –άσθων (middle) λυσάντων(active); λυσάσθων(middle)
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • 2nd (strong) aorist imperatives 2nd singular: –ε (active) –εσο (middle) λίπε(active); λίπέσο λαβοῦ(middle) 2nd plural: –ετε (active) –εσθε (middle) λίπετε(active); λίπεσθε(middle) 3rd singular: –έτω (active) –έσθω (middle) λίπέτω(active); λίπέσθω(middle) 3rd plural: –όντων (active) –έσθων (middle) λιπόντων(active); λιπέσθων(middle)
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 1. Active imperatives of thematic verbs • aorist imperativepassive 2nd singular: –ητι λύθητι 2nd plural: –ητε λύθητε 3rd singular: –ήτω λυθήτω 3rd plural: –έντων λυθέντων
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Active imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 2. Imperatives of εἰμί‘be’ • present active 2nd singular: ἴσθι 2nd plural: ἔστε 3rd singular: ἔστω 3rd plural: ὄντων
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The most frequently used tenses of the infinitive are the present and aorist. • The infinitive does have future forms, but they are much less common. Passive infinitives are also rare. • You have already learned the present active (Chapter 6.3) and aorist active (Chapter 13.3) infinitives.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs Present infinitives • endings: –ειν (active) –εσθαι (middle/passive) • λύειν(active) λύεσθαι(middle/passive) • Notice that in the middle voice, the final –αι, as so often, is short for purposes of accent.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • Future infinitives • endings: • –ειν (active) λύσειν • –εσθαι (middle) λύσεσθαι • –θήσεσθαι (passive) λυθήσεσθαι • The future uses the exact same endings as the present, just attached to the future stem. • Notice that in the middle voice, the final –αι, as so often, is short for purposes of accent.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive is used only to emphasize the futurity of some action, especially with verbs of thinking. • μέλλω λύσειν τὴν πόλιν. “I think I’m going to set the city free.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs 1st (weak) aorist infinitives • endings: • –αι (active) λῦσαι • –ασθαι (middle) λύσασθαι • –ναι (passive) λυθῆναι • Notice that in the middle voice, the final –αι, as so often, is short for purposes of accent. • The accent for the active form is fixed on the penult (e.g., διῶξαι).
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 3. Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs 2nd (strong) aorist infinitives • endings: • –εῖν (active) πιθεῖν • –έσθαι (middle) πιθέσθαι • –ναι (passive) γραφῆναι • Notice that the accents for these endings are fixed. • Notice that the augment marks the indicative mood only, so an infinitive never has an augment.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 4. The future infinitive of εἰμί‘be’ • ἔσεσθαι
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 5. Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons The 1st person pronoun (I, me, we, us): singular ἐγώ ἐμοῦ, μου ἐμοί, μοι ἐμέ, με plural ἡμεῖς ἡμῶν ἡμῖν ἡμᾶς
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 5. Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons The 2nd person pronoun (you, y’all): singular σύ σοῦ, σου σοί, σοι σέ, σε plural ὑμεῖς ὑμῶν ὑμῖν ὑμᾶς
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 5. Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • The unaccented singular forms of the genitive, dative and accusative pronouns are enclitic and less emphatic. • ὁ ἵππος φαίνεταί μοι εἶναι καλός. • “The horse looks good to me.” • ὁ ἵπποςἐμοὶ φαίνεται εἶναι καλός. • “Well, to me the horse looks good.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 5. Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Use the nominative forms only for a specific reason (since normally the personal ending of the verb tells you the subject): • ἐθέλω μένειν. καὶ σύ; • “I want to stay. And you?” • ἐγὼ ἐθέλω πορεύεσθαι. • “Well, I want to keep marching.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 • Imperatives of thematic verbs • Imperatives of εἰμί ‘be’ • Future and Aorist middle and passive infinitives of thematic verbs • The future infinitive of εἰμί ‘be’ • Personal pronouns, 1st and 2nd persons • Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 6. Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons • Greek has regular possessive adjectives: • ἐμός –ή –όν“my” • ἡμέτερος –ά –όν“our” • σός –ή –όν“your” • ὑμέτερος –ά –όν“y’all’s”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 6. Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons • You can indicate personal possession either of two ways • ἡ ἐμὴ βίβλος “mybook” • possessive adjective in the attributive position • ἡ βίβλοςμου“mybook” • genitive of the personal pronoun in the predicate position
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 6. Possessive adjectives, 1st and 2nd persons • For third person possession, only the genitive of the pronoun is available: • ἡ βίβλοςαὐτοῦ“hisbook” • ἡ βίβλοςαὐτῆς“herbook” • ἡ βίβλοςαὐτῶν“theirbook”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς πρῶτον συνεβούλευε τοῖς Ἕλλησι διῶξαι τὸ τῶν Περσῶν ναυτικὸν καὶ λῦσαι τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας. ὁ δὲ Εὐρυβιάδης, ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατηγός. ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μὴ καταλῦσαι τὰς γεφύρας. Ἄλλως γάρ, ἔλεξεν, ἀναγκαῖον ἔσται τῷ Πέρσῃ ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι μένειν· οὕτως δὲ οἷος τ' ἔσται καταστρέψασθαι τὴν ὅλην Εὐρώπην.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς πρῶτον συνεβούλευε τοῖς Ἕλλησι διῶξαι τὸ τῶν Περσῶν ναυτικὸν καὶ λῦσαι τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας. ὁ δὲ Εὐρυβιάδης, ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατηγός, ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μὴ καταλῦσαι τὰς γεφύρας. Ἄλλως γάρ, ἔλεξεν, ἀναγκαῖον ἔσται τῷ Πέρσῃἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι μένειν· οὕτως δὲ οἷος τ' ἔσται καταστρέψασθαι τὴν ὅλην Εὐρώπην.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 Θεμιστοκλῆς μὲν οὕτως ἔλεξεν, ὅτι ἀποθήκην ἔμελλε σχήσειν χάριτος πρὸς βασιλεῖ, οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐπείθοντο· ἐνόμιζον γὰρ αὐτὸν σοφώτατον ἄνδρα εἶναι .
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐν Σαλαμῖνι ναυμαχίαν ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς πρῶτονσυνεβούλευε τοῖς Ἕλλησι διῶξαι τὸ τῶν Περσῶν ναυτικὸν καὶλῦσαι τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας. ὁ δὲ Εὐρυβιάδης, ὁ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατηγός, ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μὴ καταλῦσαι τὰς γεφύρας. Ἄλλως γάρ, ἔλεξεν, ἀναγκαῖον ἔσται τῷ Πέρσῃἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι μένειν· οὕτως δὲ οἷος τ' ἔσταικαταστρέψασθαι τὴν ὅλην Εὐρώπην.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 Θεμιστοκλῆς μὲν οὕτως ἔλεξεν, ὅτι ἀποθήκην ἔμελλε σχήσειν χάριτος πρὸς βασιλεῖ, οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐπείθοντο· ἐνόμιζονγὰρ αὐτὸν σοφώτατον ἄνδρα εἶναι .
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ὁ δὲ Θεμιστοκλῆς, οὐ γὰρ ἐνόμισε πείσειν τοὺς πολλοὺςστρατεύειν εἰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον, ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Οὐχ ἡμεῖς ἐσώσαμεν ἡμᾶς αὐτούς τε καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ἀλλ' οἱ θεοὶ οἳ οὐκ ἤθελον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα τῆς τε Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης βασιλεῦσαι. νῦν οὖν ἀγαθόν ἐστι βασιλέα μὲν πορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἡμᾶς δὲ καταμένειν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι. Θεμιστοκλῆς μὲν οὕτως ἔλεξεν, ὅτι ἀποθήκην ἔμελλε σχήσειν χάριτος πρὸς βασιλεῖ, οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ἐπείθοντο· ἐνόμιζον γὰρ αὐτὸν σοφώτατον ἄνδρα εἶναι .
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ὁ δὲ Θεμιστοκλῆς, οὐ γὰρ ἐνόμισε πείσειν τοὺς πολλοὺς στρατεύειν εἰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον, ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Οὐχ ἡμεῖς ἐσώσαμεν ἡμᾶς αὐτούς τε καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ἀλλ' οἱ θεοὶ οἳ οὐκ ἤθελον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα τῆς τε Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπης βασιλεῦσαι. νῦν οὖν ἀγαθόν ἐστι βασιλέα μὲν πορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἡμᾶς δὲ καταμένειν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ὁ δὲ Θεμιστοκλῆς, οὐ γὰρἐνόμισεπείσειν τοὺς πολλοὺς στρατεύειν εἰς τὸν Ἑλλήσποντον, ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς· Οὐχ ἡμεῖς ἐσώσαμεν ἡμᾶς αὐτούς τε καὶ τὴν Ἑλλάδα, ἀλλ' οἱ θεοὶ οἳ οὐκ ἤθελον τὸν αὐτὸν ἄνδρα τῆς τε Ἀσίας καὶ τῆς Εὐρώπηςβασιλεῦσαι. νῦν οὖν ἀγαθόν ἐστι βασιλέα μὲνπορεύεσθαι εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, ἡμᾶς δὲκαταμένειν ἐν τῇ Ἑλλάδι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ἔπειτα δὲ ὁ Θεμικστοκλῆς ἔπεμψεν κήρυκας πρὸς βασιλέα, ἐν οἷς καὶ Σίκιννος ὁ οἰκέτης ἦν· καὶ ὁ Σίκιννος ἔλεγε τῷ Ξέρξῃ ὧδε· Ἔπεμψέ με ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς, στρατηγὸς μὲν Ἀθηναίων, ἀνὴρ δὲ τῶν συμμάχων σοφώτατος· ὅτι βούλεται εὐεργέτης σοι εἶναι, ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μήτε διῶξαι τὰς σὰς ναῦς μήτε τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας καταλῦσαι. καὶ νῦν οἷός τ' ἔσει σῴζεσθαι εἰς τὴν χώραν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ἔπειταδὲ ὁ Θεμικστοκλῆς ἔπεμψεν κήρυκας πρὸς βασιλέα, ἐν οἷςκαὶ Σίκιννος ὁ οἰκέτης ἦν· καὶ ὁ Σίκιννος ἔλεγε τῷ Ξέρξῃ ὧδε· Ἔπεμψέ με ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς, στρατηγὸς μὲν Ἀθηναίων, ἀνὴρ δὲ τῶν συμμάχων σοφώτατος· ὅτι βούλεται εὐεργέτης σοι εἶναι, ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μήτε διῶξαι τὰς σὰς ναῦς μήτε τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας καταλῦσαι. καὶ νῦν οἷός τ' ἔσει σῴζεσθαι εἰς τὴν χώραν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 ἔπειταδὲ ὁ Θεμικστοκλῆς ἔπεμψεν κήρυκας πρὸς βασιλέα, ἐν οἷς καὶ Σίκιννος ὁ οἰκέτης ἦν· καὶ ὁ Σίκιννος ἔλεγε τῷ Ξέρξῃ ὧδε· Ἔπεμψέ με ὁ Θεμιστοκλῆς, στρατηγὸς μὲν Ἀθηναίων, ἀνὴρ δὲ τῶν συμμάχων σοφώτατος· ὅτιβούλεται εὐεργέτης σοι εἶναι, ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας μήτεδιῶξαι τὰς σὰς ναῦς μήτε τὰς ἐν τῷ Ἑλλησπόντῳ γεφύρας καταλῦσαι. καὶ νῦν οἷός τ' ἔσει σῴζεσθαι εἰς τὴν χώραν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 τοῖς πᾶσιν χρόνος, καὶ καιρὸς τῷ παντὶ πράγματι ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν. καιρὸς τοῦ τεκεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φυτεῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκτῖλαι πεφυτευμένον, καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἰάσασθαι, καιρὸς τοῦ καθελεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κλαῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ γελάσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κόψασθαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ὀρχήσασθαι,
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 τοῖς πᾶσιν χρόνος, καὶ καιρὸς τῷ παντὶ πράγματι ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν. καιρὸς τοῦ τεκεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φυτεῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκτῖλαι πεφυτευμένον, καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἰάσασθαι, καιρὸς τοῦ καθελεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κλαῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ γελάσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κόψασθαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ὀρχήσασθαι,
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 τοῖς πᾶσιν χρόνος, καὶ καιρὸς τῷ παντὶ πράγματι ὑπὸ τὸν οὐρανόν. καιρὸς τοῦ τεκεῖνκαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποθανεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φυτεῦσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκτῖλαι πεφυτευμένον, καιρὸς τοῦ ἀποκτεῖναικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἰάσασθαι, καιρὸς τοῦ καθελεῖνκαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ οἰκοδομῆσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κλαῦσαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ γελάσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ κόψασθαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ὀρχήσασθαι,
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 καιρὸς τοῦ βαλεῖν λίθους καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ συναγαγεῖν λίθους, καιρὸς τοῦ περιλαβεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μακρυνθῆναι ἀπὸ περιλήψεως, καιρὸς τοῦ ζητῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀπολέσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ φυλάξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκβαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ ῥῆξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ῥάψαι, καιρὸς τοῦ σιγᾶν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ λαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φιλῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μισῆσαι, καιρὸς πολέμου καὶ καιρὸς εἰρήνης.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 καιρὸς τοῦ βαλεῖν λίθους καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ συναγαγεῖν λίθους, καιρὸς τοῦ περιλαβεῖν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μακρυνθῆναι ἀπὸ περιλήψεως, καιρὸς τοῦ ζητῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀπολέσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ φυλάξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκβαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ ῥῆξαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ῥάψαι, καιρὸς τοῦ σιγᾶν καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ λαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φιλῆσαι καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μισῆσαι, καιρὸς πολέμου καὶ καιρὸς εἰρήνης.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 καιρὸς τοῦ βαλεῖν λίθους καὶ καιρὸς τοῦ συναγαγεῖν λίθους, καιρὸς τοῦ περιλαβεῖνκαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μακρυνθῆναι ἀπὸ περιλήψεως, καιρὸς τοῦ ζητῆσαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἀπολέσαι, καιρὸς τοῦ φυλάξαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ἐκβαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ ῥῆξαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ ῥάψαι, καιρὸς τοῦ σιγᾶνκαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ λαλεῖν, καιρὸς τοῦ φιλῆσαικαὶ καιρὸς τοῦ μισῆσαι, καιρὸς πολέμου καὶ καιρὸς εἰρήνης.
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 for tomorrow (Wednesday, January 26, 2011): • Quiz: Write out the 1st and 2nd person personal pronouns. • We will continue the reading “Double Dealings of Themistocles” and, if time permits, begin on the Biblical reading for Chapter 18 (in Moodle).
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 for tomorrow (Thursday, January 27, 2011): • Quiz: • Parsing on “Double Dealings of Themistocles”
Shelmerdine Chapter 18 for tomorrow (Monday, January 31, 2011): • Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 18 • Nouns: omit Ἀρτεμισία