Chapter 1

1. Chapter 1 Sources of the Democratic Tradition 2000 B.C.-A.D. 1689

2. Standards Preview 10.1 Students relate the moral and ethical principles in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, in Judaism, and in Christianity to the development of Western political thought.

3. Chapter Focus Question What are the main historical sources of the democratic tradition?

4. Section 1 The Greek Roots of Democracy

5. Focus Question What ideas arose in ancient Greece that contributed to the development of democratic values in the modern world?

6. The Rise of Greek City-States • Geography & Power • City-state – political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands • Importance of city-states • Geographical features • Governing the City-States, 750-500 B.C. • Monarchy – king or queen exercise central power • Aristocracy – small ruling noble landowners • Changes in warfare

7. The Rise of Greek City-StatesSparta: A Nation of Soldiers • Sparta – military state • Monarchy • 2 kings, council of elders, assembly of citizens, five ephors • Citizenship – native born Spartan men over age 30 • State-owned slaves • System of strict control over people’s lives • Emphasis on military virtues and discipline, fitness and health • Beginning of military training for boys at age 8 • Prohibition against trade, travel, or mixing with other city-states • Scornful of wealth • Women expected to obey men; allowed to own property

8. The Rise of Greek City-StatesAthens: A Limited Democracy • Athens – development of democracy • Glorification of individual • Movement toward Democracy (government by the people); limited citizenship; rise of tyrants • Wealth and power of aristocracy • Participation in government by male citizens • Slaves with no political rights or personal freedom • Military training and broad education for boys • Trade with other city-states • Limited rights for women

9. The Rise of Greek City-StatesAthens: Rulers & Philosophers • Solon – reformed Athens to ensure greater fairness & justice, 594 B.C. • Opened offices to more citizens • Gave Athenian assembly more say in decisions • Tyrants – leaders who gain power by force • Pisistratus, 546 B.C. • Seized power by force • Gave farmers and poor citizens a greater voice • Weakened the aristocracy

10. The Rise of Greek City-StatesAthens: Rulers & Philosophers • Tyrants (cont) • Cleisthenes & Legislature (lawmaking body) • Broadened the role of ordinary citizens in government • Set up the Council of 500 • Made the assembly a genuine legislature

11. The Rise of Greek City-States • What process took city-states from monarch to aristocracy and, in Athens, to democracy? • Defenders of the king (noble landowners) gradually took power for themselves (aristocracy) • Military changes increased the power of the middle class (Iron weapons replaced bronze) • Athens – leaders gave ordinary citizens control over government

12. The Persian Wars • 500 B.C. – Athens is “Top Dog” • Persians, Asia Minor • 490 B.C. – Battle of Marathon • Use of geography • 480 B.C. – Battle of Thermopylae • How did the Greeks meet the threat of invasion by the Persians?

13. Athens in the Age of Pericles • Pericles, Athenian Statesman • Led a thriving economy and more democratic government • Believed all male citizens – regardless of wealth or social class – should take part in government • Stressed the rights and duties of individuals as citizens of a democracy • Expressed the earliest and greatest democratic ideals in his Funeral Oration

14. Athens in the Age of Pericles • Political Life • Direct Democracy • Jury – a panel of citizens who have the authority to make the final judgment in a trial • The Funeral Oration • Power rested in the hands “not of a minority but of the whole people” • Rights & duties of the individual

15. Athens in the Age of Pericles • Economic & Cultural Life • Rebuild what the Persians had destroyed • Create jobs • Honor gods with temples & festivals • The Peloponnesian War • Sparta vs. Athens (27 years) • What progress did the Greeks under Pericles make toward democratic government?

16. Greek Philosophers • Philosophers = lovers of wisdom • Moral & Ethical Principles • Idea of goodness • Standards of human behavior • Sophists – questioned accepted ideas (Athens)

17. Greek Philosophers • Socrates & Citizenship • Socrates – critic of the Sophists, Athenian stonemason & philosopher • “What is the greatest good” • Socratic method – seek truth & self-knowledge • Questioned his fellow citizens about their beliefs • Believed the unexamined life was not worth living • Plato – student of Socrates

18. Greek Philosophers • Plato & Reason • Distrust of democracy • Reason led to knowledge • Republic – describes an ideal state • Workers – produce the necessities of life • Soldiers – defend the state • Philosophers - rule

19. Greek Philosophers • Aristotle and the Rule of Law • Aristotle – Plato’s most famous student • Politics – rulers must be subject to the law • What did Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle think of democracy?

20. Greek Philosophers • Plato • Student of Socrates • Set up his own school in Athens • Believed reason led to genuine knowledge • Described his vision of an ideal state in The Republic • Rejected Athenian democracy • Believed the state should regulate citizens’ lives • Aristotle • Was Plato’s most famous student • Tutor to Alexander the Great • Favored a constitutional government ruled by the middle class • Believed the city-state re presented the best form of human community • Believed good conduct meant pursuing the “golden mean” • Promoted reason as the guiding force for learning • Set up a school for the study of all branches of knowledge

21. Alexander and the Hellenistic Age • Conquest of Persia • The Legacy of Alexander • Hellenistic civilization – combination of eastern and western cultures • Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian • Stoicism – Zeno, calmly accept whatever life brought • How did the ideas of the ancient Greeks spread beyond Greece during the Hellenistic age?

22. The Greek Roots of DemocracyFocus Question • What ideas arose in ancient Greece that contributed to the development of democratic values in the modern world? • Direct democracy • A legislative assembly of citizens • Juries staffed by citizens • Moral & ethical principles • Equality • Rule of Law

23. Section 2 The Roman Republic and Empire

24. Chapter Focus Question How did the government of Rome develop into an empire?

25. Establishing a Republic Republic – “thing of the people” How does a republic differ from a monarchy or an aristocracy of nobles? Is everyone in a republic considered equal? How did the Laws of the Twelve Tables help the plebeians? How did the tribunes serve as a check on the power of government?

26. Establishing a Republic Geography & Unification Etruscan Rule 800 B.C. – Tiber River Herders & Farmers Rome = city on the seven hills Etruscan king

27. Establishing a Republic A New Government 509 BC – Etruscan monarchy ends Republic – “thing of the people” Senate – most powerful body Consuls – supervised the business of government and commanded Rome’s armies Dictator – ruler who has complete control over a government Cincinnatus

28. Roman Senate

29. Establishing a Republic Common People Demand Equality Patrician – landholding upper class Plebian – common people Law of the Twelve Tables, 450 BC Course Syllabus Tribunes – plebeians rights to elect their own officials Veto – block How did the Roman Republic differ from government under the Etruscans?

30. From Republic to Empire • Roman Expansion • How did continual warfare affect the plebeians? • How did the rise of professional armies affect Rome? • Some historians have said that the Roman empire really began with Julius Caesar. Do you agree? • How did the Roman republic become an empire?

31. From Republic to Empire • Continuing Conquest • Carthage – city state on the northern coast of Africa • Punic Wars • Spain – Egypt • Mediterranean “Our Sea” or mare nostrum • Economic & Social Effects • Tiberius & Gaius Gracchus • Distribute land to poor farmers • Public funds to feed the poor

32. From Republic to Empire • Julius Caesar’s Rise to Power • Julius Caesar – military commander • Dictator – absolute ruler of Rome • Reforms • Public works to employ the jobless • Public land given to the poor • Citizenship • SAVE THE REPUPLIC

33. From Republic to Empire

34. From Republic to Empire • Emperor Augustus Caesar • Augustus Caesar – Caesar’s grand-nephew • Roman Empire • Civil service enforced the law • Jobs were awarded according to talent • Self-government of cities & provinces • Pax Romana • Roman Peace • How did the Roman republic become an empire?

35. From Republic to Empire

36. Roman Law • Justice through the law • Describe a situation in which a person receives justice • How does the law relate to justice? • Roman law developed & grew along with the republic and empire • Two Systems • Civil Law – applied only to Roman citizens • Law of Nations – laws of nature by using the human ability to reason, applied to all people • What was the difference between civil law and the law of nations?

37. Roman Law Key Principles Accused person presume innocent until proven guilty Accused had the right to face the accuser and offer a defense against the charge Guilt “clearer than daylight” through evidence Judges – interpret the laws & make fair decisions

38. Roman Law • Justinian’s Code • Byzantine empire • Justinian – Byzantine emperor best remembered for his reform of the Roman law code • Body of Civil Law AKA: Justinian’s Code • How did Justinian’s Code improve the state of Roman law? • What lasting principles of law did Romans develop?

39. Greco-Roman Civilization What is Greco-Roman civilization? Why didn’t Greco-Roman civilization disappear when the western Roman empire collapsed? Do you think Greco-Roman ideas survive today in our culture? What cultures contributed to Greco-Roman civilization?

40. Greco-Roman Civilization • Roman Culture • Greek art, literature, philosophy, and scientific genius = height of cultural achievement • Greco-Roman civilization – blending of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman traditions • Philosophy • Importance of duty • Well-being of all people • Preserving Greco-Roman Ideas • Muslim scholars

41. Chapter Focus Question How did the government of Rome develop into an empire? Rome started as a city-state controlled by an aristocracy and led by a king Romans overthrew this monarch and established a republic that expanded into neighboring lands Roman expansion created strains in Roman society that eventually led to civil wars and a powerful dictatorship The republic waned as powerful rulers continue to expand their realm, creating an empire

42. Section 3 Principles of Judaism

43. Principles of Judaism • Focus Question: What moral and ethical principles lie at the core of the Jewish religion? • 63 B.C. Pompey & Jerusalem • Capital of the independent Jewish state of Judea • Polytheistic vs. Monotheistic

44. The Ancient Israelites • Hebrews or Israelites (people of Israel) • Torah – sacred religious text • Abraham – founder of the Israelite nation • 2000 B.C. – Mesopotamia • Canaan • Famine forced migration to Egypt • Moses – Israelite led the escape from Egypt

45. The Ancient Israelites • 1000 B.C. – Israelites est. kingdom – Israel • David – unites a single nation • Solomon – Jerusalem, capital • Price of ambition • High Taxes & Forced Labor • Split in the kingdom

46. The Ancient Israelites • Rulers of the Israelites • Egyptians – enslaved the Israelites • Assyrians (722 B.C.) • Babylonians & exile • 586 B.C. – Nebuchadnezzar destroys the great temple • Persians – Cyrus frees Israelites from captivity • Judea = Jews • Rebuild Solomon’s temple

47. The Ancient Israelites • What role did migration play in the history of the Israelites? • Series of migrations • Abraham’s journey to Canaan • Famine & migration to Egypt • Exodus (Moses) from Egypt • Babylonian captivity

48. God’s Covenant With the Israelites • One God – Monotheistic • Belief in one God as supreme • God’s Promise (Covenant) • Protect the Israelites and provide them a homeland • People of Israel would remain faithful and obedient to God

49. God’s Covenant With the Israelites • The Torah “instruction” • Five Books – early account of the Israelites • God’s teachings – moral standard • Oral Torah – unwritten laws • How did the Jews’ beliefs differ from those of other nearby peoples? • Monotheistic • Covenant with God to obey God’s laws

50. Teachings on Law and Morality • The Ten Commandments • Mount Sinai & Moses • 1-4 religious duties (Sabbath) • Holy day for rest and worship • 5-10 rules for individual conduct toward other people • “Honor your father and mother”