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Chapter 10

Chapter 10. Health, Stress, and Coping. Questions We Will Be Addressing in This Chapter. What do health psychologists do? How do psychological stressors affect physical health? How do people react to stressors? Why doesn’t everyone react to stressors in the same way?

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Chapter 10

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  1. Chapter 10 Health, Stress, and Coping

  2. Questions We Will Be Addressing in This Chapter What do health psychologists do? How do psychological stressors affect physical health? How do people react to stressors? Why doesn’t everyone react to stressors in the same way? How does stress affect your immune system? Who is most likely to adopt a healthy lifestyle?

  3. Health Psychology What do health care psychologists do?

  4. Health Psychology Link between mental state, behavior, and health Chronic illness among leading causes of disability and death Goals of health psychology

  5. VIDEO: Health and Stress • Discussion Questions

  6. Understanding Stress and Stressors How do psychological stressors affect physical health?

  7. Important Terms Stress Stressors Stress reactions

  8. Figure 10.1: The Process of Stress

  9. Psychological Stressors Catastrophic events Life changes and strains Chronic stressors Daily hassles

  10. Measuring Stressors Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) Face to face interviews Life Experiences Survey

  11. Stress Responses How do people react to stressors?

  12. Responses to Stress Physical responses General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) Psychological responses Emotional changes Cognitive changes Behavioral responses Linkages – Stress and Psychological Disorders

  13. Figure 10.2: The General Adaptation Syndrome

  14. Figure 10.3: Organ Systems Involved in the GAS

  15. Stress Mediators Why doesn’t everyone react to stressors in the same way?

  16. Stress Mediators Cognitive appraisal Predictability of stressors Perception of control Coping resources Problem-focused coping strategies Emotion-focused coping strategies Social support

  17. Individual Differences Personality and stress “Disease-prone” vs. “disease-resistant” personalities Gender Women: “Tend and befriend” style Men: “Fight-or-flight” pattern Focus on Research – Personality and Health

  18. The Physiology and Psychology of Health and Illness How does stress affect your immune system?

  19. Stress, Illness, and the Immune System Stress can impair or suppress the immune system. Social support factors can help sustain immune system.

  20. Stress and the Cardiovascular System Repeated exposure to stress linked to cardiovascular problems Especially for those who display strong physical reactions to stressors. Physical reactions depend partly on one’s personality. Thinking Critically – Does Hostility Increase Risk of Heart Disease

  21. Promoting Healthy Behavior Who is most likely to adopt a healthy lifestyle?

  22. Rosenstock’s Health-Belief Model Health decisions guided by: Perception of a personal threat or risk. Perception of seriousness of illness and its consequences. Belief that changing behavior will reduce threat. Comparison of perceived costs vs. expected benefits if change behavior.

  23. Other Cognitive Factors Self-efficacy Intention

  24. Changing Health Behaviors: Stages of Readiness Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance

  25. Steps in Coping with Stress Assessment Goal setting Planning Action Evaluation Adjustment

  26. Developing Coping Strategies Cognitive coping strategies Cognitive restructuring Emotional coping strategies Behavioral coping strategies Physical coping strategies Progressive relaxation training

  27. End of Chapter 10

  28. Linkages: Stress and Psychological Disorders Burnout Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) Other psychological disorders Diathesis-stress approach to psychopathology Return to main slide

  29. Focus on Research: Personality and Health What was the researchers’ question? What personality characteristics may protect or threaten one’s health? How did the researchers answer the question? Examined the dates and causes of death of individuals who had participated in the Terman Life Cycle Study of Intelligence. Continue to next slide

  30. Focus on Research: Personality and Health (cont’d.) What did the researchers find? Most important predictor of longevity was conscientiousness. Relationship between health and social support. What do the results mean? Correlation does not mean causality. Conscientiousness and social stability may reflect a general attitude of caution. Continue to next slide

  31. Focus on Research: Personality and Health (cont’d.) What do we still need to know? Does not provide final answers about the relationship between personality and health. Did generate intriguing hypotheses for further study. Demonstrated another way of exploring issues in health psychology. Return to main slide

  32. Thinking Critically: Does Hostility Increase the Risk of Heart Disease What am I being asked to believe or accept? Displaying hostility increases one’s risk for coronary heart disease and heart attack. Is there evidence available to support the claim? While hostility and heart disease is related, the causal direction is uncertain. Continue to next slide

  33. Thinking Critically: Does Hostility Increase the Risk of Heart Disease (cont’d) Is there evidence available to support the claim? (cont’d.) Hostile people tend to be unusually reactive to stressors, especially when challenged. Hostile individuals take longer to return to their resting levels of autonomic functioning. Increased sympathetic nervous system activation increases stress-related hormones. Hostility has impact on quality of one’s social support. Continue to next slide

  34. Thinking Critically: Does Hostility Increase the Risk of Heart Disease (cont’d) Can that evidence be interpreted another way? Supporting studies not true experiments. Relationship may be due to a third factor. What evidence would help to evaluate the alternatives? How do hostile individuals react to stress when they are not angry? Continue to next slide

  35. Thinking Critically: Does Hostility Increase the Risk of Heart Disease (cont’d) What conclusions are most reasonable? Hostile individuals are at greater risk of heart disease and heart attacks. The causal relationship between hostility and heart disease is probably more complex. Relationship may not be universal. Return to main slide

  36. Table 10.1: Lifestyle Behaviors that Affect the Leading Causes of Death in the U.S. Return to Slide

  37. Table 10.2: The Undergraduate Stress Questionnaire Return to Slide

  38. ANIMATION: Physical Reactions to Stressors: General Adaptation Syndrome Return to Slide

  39. Figure 10.4: Cognitive Influences on Stress Responses Return to Slide

  40. Table 10.3: Ways of Coping Return to Slide

  41. Health and Stress Video: Discussion Questions Return to main slide The evidence suggested that loneliness was a factor in illness. Were you surprised by this? Why or why not? What were your impressions of the research methods being employed by health psychologists? The clip ends by suggesting future research will go beyond the lab to look more specifically at outside social factors. What specific factors do you think need closer attention?

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