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Great Society & Civil Rights Movement. The New Frontier & Great Society. Kennedy’s vision of progress – medical care for aged, rebuild urban areas, education Practiced deficit spending to stimulate economy Increase defense budget by 20%.
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The New Frontier & Great Society • Kennedy’s vision of progress – medical care for aged, rebuild urban areas, education • Practiced deficit spending to stimulate economy • Increase defense budget by 20%
Increased minimum wage, extension of unemployment insurance • Established Peace Corps – volunteer assistance to developing nations • Alliance for Progress – aid to Latin America ($12 billion) • Investment in space program, race to the moon (Neil Armstrong 1969)
Johnson took over after Kennedy’s assassination • Convinced Congress to cut $10 billion in taxes: people spent more, businesses & tax revenue grew! • “War on Poverty” – Economic Opportunity Act: youth programs, small business loans, job training, Head Start • Civil Rights Act (1964): prohibited discrimination based on sex, religion, national origin, race
Won big (1964) vs. Barry Goldwater (fear of nukes, not escalating war in Vietnam) • Great Society: end poverty & racial injustice, higher standard of living & equal opportunity • w/ support from democratic led Congress, Johnson able to push through laws on education, Medicare & Medicaid, Housing & Urban Development, immigration, environment
Warren Court: rulings protected rights of the accused: illegally attained evidence couldn’t be used, legal counsel to those who couldn’t afford it, lawyer present during questioning, rights read before questioning • Impact of Great Society: extended power of federal gov’t, poverty fell from 21% to 11%, funding his programs increased federal deficit
Civil Rights Movement 1950s & 60s • Civil Rights Act (1875) declared unconstitutional 1883 • Plessyv. Ferguson (1896): Supreme court ruled separate but equal didn’t violate 14th Amendment • Southern states had passed Jim Crow laws, black facilities were always inferior • WWII helped set stage for movement, labor shortage, 1 million African Americans joined military
Desegregation led by NAACP & Charles Houston • Focused on inequality in separated schools & placed Thurgood Marshall as leader of council • Morgan v. Virginia (1964) – unconstitutional mandating of segregated seating on interstate buses
Brown v. Board of Education (Topeka): segregated schools unequal (unanimous decision) • Reaction was mixed & faced resistance in South (Miss & GA) • Arkansas 1st southern state to admit African Americans to state university w/o order • Governor ordered national guard to turn students away at Central High School • federal judge ordered them in (Little Rock Nine)
Eisenhower placed Ark. guard under federal control • Rosa Parks (1955) arrested for not giving up seat on bus for white man • African American leaders organized a bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Boycott lasted 381 days until Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation in 1956 • MLK based teachings & practices on Jesus, Thoreau, Phillip Randolph, Gandhi • joined Southern Christian Leadership Conference that organized other protests & demonstrations
1960 students from NC A & T organized sit-in at Woolworth lunch counter covered by media • Movement spread, students formed picket lines at national chains that practiced segregation (48 cities, 11 states)
1961 freedom riders took a 2 bus trip across south to challenge interstate segregated facilities • Bus One was met by hostile mob in Birmingham, Alabama (chains, brass knuckles, pistols) • Bus Two was followed out of Anniston, Alabama • tire blew & fire bomb thrown in
New group joined in Birmingham & were beaten by police & driven to Tenn but returned • Bus driver refused to take them out of fear & riders protested in white only facility for 18hrs until call from Robert Kennedy
Alabama officials promised protection but riders faced violence in Montgomery, Alabama • President Kennedy used US Marshalls to protect them on their journey & ICC banned segregation in all interstate travel facilities • James Meredith won court case for admittance into Ole Miss but Governor refused to let him register
Kennedy ordered marshals to escort him • Sep. 30, 1962 riots broke out • 1963 March on Washington: MLK – “I have a dream” influenced public opinion to support civil rights laws, power of non-violent mass protest
Birmingham, Alabama considered most segregated city, King flew in & led demonstrations • King was arrested on April 12th, 1963 • posted bail & organized a march on May 2 (over 900 arrested)
May 3rd another march, camera caught brutality • Continued protests, boycotts & negative media convinced officials to desegregate & Kennedy to push for new civil rights legislation • Kennedy ordered troops to force Gov Wallace to desegregate Univ. of Ala
Convinced Congress to pass Civil Rights Act (1964): prohibited discrimination, desegregated public accommodations • Volunteers went to Miss to register blacks to vote in 1964 known as Freedom Summer • 3 murdered in Neshoba • Jimmy Lee Jackson shot & killed in Selma, Ala
King organized 50 mile march (March 1965) demonstrators beaten as violence erupted, media captured mayhem • Marchers organized again on March 21st w/ federal protection • Voting Rights Act (1965): outlaws literacy tests, federal registrars sent to South
De facto segregation still existed & more difficult to change (economic & social power) • Urban blacks lived in decaying slums, rent to landlords who failed to comply w/ ordinances, schools deteriorated, unemployment 2x whites • Urban riots erupted in major cities throughout 60s (100, 1967) • Worst was Watts in LA (1965)
Malcolm X rose w/in Nation of Islam • taught that blacks should separate from white society & be able to defend themselves against white violence • Went to Mecca & broke w/ Nation of Islam & changed some of his views, assassinated Feb. 1965
Black Power movement grew led by Stokely Carmichael who was arrested & beaten in Miss • Black Panther Party established in Oct 1966 • Civil Rights Movement in Virginia: Oliver Hill – Legal defense team in VA • massive resistance to ruling, closed some schools, established private academies, white flight from urban schools
King assassinated on April 4, 1968 • March 1968 the Kerner Commission issued report on urban violence - named 1 cause: white racism • helped end de jure segregation in schools, housing, transportation; passed Civil Rights legislation, graduation rates rose, pride & identity, increased voters/elected officials, lowered “colored bar” in entertainment
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