Responding to Liberalism

1. To what extent are Socialism and Marxism responses to Classical liberalism? Responding to Liberalism

2. Early Socialists • Robert Owen – he recognized the contribution that the workers made to the profits of the owner. Without the workers there would be no products to sell. • New Lanark

3. Owen pressured the government to enforce an 8 hour work day; he refused to hire children under ten, restricted working hours, raised wages.

4. Early Socialists - Charles Fournier • Utopia – a “perfect place” could be created where people could prosper and develop to their greatest potential. Fournier believed in arranging people in small self-sustaining communities where they could see their economic, political and social needs met.

5. Socialist Values and Early Socialists KARLMARX

6. Early Socialists • Communist Manifesto – throughout history there have been revolutions led by oppressed people against their oppressors. The struggle between classes is the most important force in society. • Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie • Class-less society would be based on collective values and public ownership of property

7. So where do these ideas fit??

9. Socialism vs. Capitalism • Together we will read page 148 • 1. Describe in your own words the arguments made here against capitalism. (5 arguments) (5 points) • 2. Why is Louis Blanc’s quotation so controversial? What are some examples of Classical Liberalism?

10. Early Democratic Socialism • Developed during the 1800’s by socialists who believed that modern liberalism did not provide the type of government intervention that would address the collective interests of society. • The Dec;aration of Principles of the Social Democracy of America of 1897 • Men are born free and have certain rights (life,liberty and happiness) • Citizens have the same political rights but they should also have the same economic rights = economic inequality should not exist!

11. Independent Labour Party

12. Socialism

13. Great Depression • October 29th, 1929 – start of the Great Depression. It began with the stock market crash of stock markets in New York and all the major financial centres around the world. • The crash was the result of an unregulated economy. • As a result government intervention was becoming a core principle in political and economic ideologies

14. Formation of the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation • CCF was founded in Calgary, AB during the Depression. The effects of the Depression were particularly harsh on people living in the prairies. Their economy depended on ranching, farming and mining, sectors which were hit hard because of drought.

15. CCF and J.S. Woodsworth • Regina Manifesto – the party’s goals and plans for achieving them • These Plans included • Shelters for the jobless and homeless • Job creation programs • Pensions for those people who has worked for their lifetimes but could not be cared for by their impoverished children • Health Services that would be subsidized by the government so that people could get medical help for a fraction of the normal cost.

16. christophermoorehistory.blogspot.com

17. CCF and Tommy Douglas • In 1944 – Tommy Douglas was elected as premier of Saskatchewan and formed North America’s first Democratic Socialist government and began a social welfare movement that influenced the entire country. • The CCF eventually became the NDP • Although the CCF never had any success on a federal level – many of the policies (job creation programs, social programs, and union support are reflected in Canadian government policies today.)

18. Socialism in Québec - Parti Québécois • Post - WWII Québec: • Maurice Duplessis – stanch anti-communist and supporter of Laissez-faire capitalism • After his death, Quebec saw a rise in socialism which was tied to a growing movement supporting the sovereignty of Québec. • Québec’s Quiet Revolution began • Groupe Marxist Revolutionnaire – promoted the struggle for an independent Québec led by the working class. • By the 1960’s parties that embraced socialism came to power. [Premier JeanLesage provided greater access to health care and education, to introduce family allowances, and to take over all private producers of hydroelectricity.] • This resulted in the creation of a Welfare State

19. Parti Québécois • One of Jean Lesage’s cabinet ministers, René Lévesque, went on to found a new political party, Parti Québécois . • While the main aim was to separate from Canada, the Parti Québécois also embraced socialist values. • “The real degree of civilization is also indicated to us by the treatment shown to the unorganized and usually silent multitude of the weakest and most disadvantaged people: the elderly, defenseless children, the handicapped, families with many children on a modest income.” Parti Québécois “la Solution: Le programme du PartiQuébécoispresénté par René Levesque” (1970) Université du Québec à Chicoutimi http://classiques.uqac.ca/collection_documents/parti_quebecois/la_solution/la_solution.pdf

20. Questions to Ponder … and do • How has socialism developed as a reaction to classical liberalism? (4 Marks) • On a sheet of Loose Leaf briefly describe Canadian responses to classical liberalism. (5 Marks) • What were the differences between utopian socialists and democratic socialists? (3 Marks) • List the main events/ideologies of the Quiet Revolution on a timeline. (6 Marks)

21. Exploring Soviet Communism • How was communism in the Soviet Union a rejection of Liberalism?

22. Understandings of communism • Remember Marx? – Of course you do!!! • Classless society in which all people share in the production of goods and there is no government required! This is accomplished through REVOLUTION! • Key Points of Karl Marx’s communism • Collectivism favored over individualism • Well being of individuals is the responsibility of the government • Collective ownership • Eliminate private property • Have economic equality

23. Evolution • During the 20th century different forms of communism developed. • Leninism and Stalinism developed in the Soviet Union; Maoism in China; Kim-il Sun in North Korea • All of these leaders interpreted Marx’s manifesto differently and adapted it to their people

24. Communism in the 20th Century

25. 20th Century rejections of liberalism

26. Bloody Sunday • January 1905 workers in Russia marched to present a petition to the Czar asking for recognition of basic human rights such as freedom of speech, press, religion, etc. • They also asked for a state-sponsored education system, better working conditions, fairer wages, an 8 hour workday, etc. • Hundreds were gunned down. • Russians were outraged and grew more dissatisfied. This eventually led to the Russian Revolution in 1917.

27. The Russian Revolution • The Russian Revolution was a reaction to the injustices of the authoritarian czarist system and uncontrolled free-market capitalism which exploited the proletariat (workers). • The Bolsheviks (communists), under Vladamir Lenin, sought to destroy this class-based system.

28. We’ve already looked at responses to classical liberalism (Classical conservatism, Marxism, socialism, and welfare capitalism). Now we will look at ideologies that completely rejected liberalism in favour of totalitarian systems of government such as the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany.

29. Why did totalitarianism emerge? • Communism and Fascism were the two most influential ideologies to reject liberalism and both used totalitarian forms of government. • Totalitarianism means complete control of the government over the public and private lives of its citizens. “Everything within the state, nothing outside the state, nothing against the state.” -Benito Mussolini

30. The nature of totalitarian regimes Totalitarian regimes are responding to what they see as dangerous and destabilizing changes. They consider the existing society in need of a complete transformation. These transformations may be...

31. reactionary radical As in the USSR The change desired is a move toward the far left side of the economic spectrum and a complete rejection of political and economic traditions of the past As in Nazi Germany The change desired is a move toward an idealized past and an acceptance of economic inequality (accepting the belief that some people are naturally better than others.)

32. Political Freedom United States Anarchy Canada Economic Control Economic Freedom USSR Totalitarianism Nazi Germany Political Control Refer to page 168 of your text

33. Like most ideologies, totalitarian regimes provide an account of the past, and explanation of the present, and a vision for the future. However, the extensive use of propaganda, coercive power, and communications technologies ensure the totalitarian governments maintain strict control over their citizens. This can include: • Extensive local, regional, and national organization • Youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups (often forced participation) • A secret police using terror • Indoctrination through education • The censorship of the media • Redirecting popular discontent (using scapegoats)

35. The rise of totalitarianism in Russia

36. We are examining the rejection of Liberalism in Russia (USSR) and Nazi Germany

37. More then 80% of Russians were peasants; some of them were serfs (low income farmers who worked and were bound to the land of wealthy land-owners) • Czar Alexander II announced the emancipation of the serfs in 1861 but the government was slow to implement the changes. • Thus the reforms did little to satisfy Russian citizens

38. From the 1860s to the early 1900s Russia underwent massive change • Classical liberal economic policies led to rapid industrialization but Russia still lagged behind the rest of Europe • Russia also remained autocratic as the monarchy did not want to relinquish power • In 1881 the Czar was assassinated and Czar Alexander III took power. He imposed stricter political control; he exiled and persecuted dissidents using a secret police force.

39. Lenin and the rise of communism • Czar’s government was inefficient and authoritarian • Food shortages were common • The secret police were ruthless • Vladamir Lenin (1870-1924) appealed to the struggling workers • A revolution broke out in 1905 and although it was suppressed, the Czar was forced to allow some reforms such as basic human rights, universal suffrage, and the creation of an elected Legislative Assembly called the Duma

40. These reforms were not enough to satisfy the people, especially since the Czar limited the powers of the Duma before its first session • The First World War broke out in 1914 which intensified the problems in Russia • In February 1917 discontent developed into an outright revolution. • Lenin’s communist Bolsheviks took over the machinery of the government in an organized attack in October 1917

41. “Land, Peace, and bread” • Lenin and the Bolsheviks believed that violent revolution was the only way to overthrow the government and avoid further development of liberalism in Russia • However taking power was easier than staying in power; a civil war erupted and lasted for 5 years. • By 1922 the war was over and communism was established • By 1924 Russia became the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR or Soviet Union), a dictatorial rule by the Communist Party

42. The rise of totalitarianism in Germany

43. Aftermath of the first world war • Immediately after the First World War in 1919, Germany became a republic with a modern, liberal democratic political structure. • This became known as the Weimar Republic

44. The Terms of the treaty of versailles • German army of no more than 100 000 men and no tanks • Reduce German navy, no submarines • No German air force • Alsace-Lorraine returned to France • Germany loses all it’s colonies • Rhineland became demilitarized • Anschluss (union) with Austria forbidden • Germany forced to recognize Poland and Czechoslovakia • Germany had to sign the War Guilt Clause (Article 231) which placed blame on them • A Reparations Commission decided Germany should pay $33 billion US, they eventually paid $713 million US.

45. Even though Germany had little choice in signing the treaty, much of the German population blamed the government for the humiliation and economic hardship the treaty was cause for years to come. • This resentment would undermine German confidence in their liberal democratic government • Furthermore, many Germans associated liberalism with the countries that defeated them in WW1

46. Economic turmoil • After WW1 the German economy was in ruins • Germany had trouble with the reparation payments and massive inflation saw savings being wiped out • Just when the economy started to improve the stock market crash of 1929 and the Great Depression plunged the country into economic hardship once again.

47. A legacy of authoritarian rule in germany • Since the creation of the German Empire in 1871 the government was authoritarian in many ways • The Kaiser and the Chancellor held power and created a welfare state with health, accident, old-age, and disability insurance. • Hence, many Germans saw authoritarian system as benevolent.

48. Nationalism, militarism, and law & order • When the Weimar Republic failed to provide Germans with any hope in hard times they looked back to authoritarian rule • Hitler capitalized on their fears • Adolf Hitler’s Nazi party: • promoted absolute nationalism, which called for the unification of all German-speakers • Used paramilitary organizations to stifle dissent and to terrorize the opposition • Centralized decision making in a single leader to whom everyone owed loyalty

50. The Nazis’ advocacy of law and order appealed to many Germans who were tired of years of instability.