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Chapter 2

Chapter 2. How an OS Works with Hardware and Other Software. You Will Learn…. About the hardware components of a PC How an OS relates to hardware and software About the system resources that hardware and software use for communication. Introducing Hardware. Ports Used by External Devices

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Chapter 2

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  1. Chapter 2 How an OS Works with Hardware and Other Software

  2. You Will Learn… • About the hardware components of a PC • How an OS relates to hardware and software • About the system resources that hardware and software use for communication A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  3. Introducing Hardware • Ports Used by External Devices • The CPU • Memory or RAM • Buses on the Motherboard • BIOS on the Motherboard and Other Circuit Boards • CMOS Setup Chip • Hard Drives and Other Secondary Storage Devices A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  4. Internal Devices A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  5. Ports Used by External Devices A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  6. The Motherboard • Largest and most complex circuit board • All devices connect to the CPU by way of the motherboard • Provides ports for external devices and slots for expansion cards A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  7. The Motherboard(continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  8. Motherboard Components • Central processing unit (CPU) • Random access memory (RAM) • Traces or wires • Expansion slots A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  9. Motherboard Components(continued) • Connectors for drives (e.g., hard drive, floppy drive, CD-ROM drive) • ROM BIOS memory chip • Permanently stores instructions that control basic hardware functions • CMOS configuration chip • Power supply connections A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  10. The CPU • Controls all hardware components in the computer • Installed in a slot or socket in the motherboard • Operate in one of two modes • Real mode (16 bits) • Protected mode (32 bits) • Has lines coming to it that are embedded on motherboard collectively called a bus A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  11. The CPU(continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  12. Memory or RAM • Temporarily holds data and instructions • Stored on memory modules • SIMMs • DIMMs (most common) • RIMMs • Memory addresses • Numbers assigned to each usable cell of memory A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  13. System Properties A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  14. Buses on the Motherboard • 8-bit and 16-bit ISA (Industry Standard Architecture) buses • System bus (memory bus, front-side bus, local bus) • PCI (Peripheral Component Interconnect) bus • AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port) bus used for a single video card A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  15. Buses on the Motherboard(continued) • USB bus that provides USB ports for slower I/O buses • IEEE 1394 (FireWire) used for faster I/O devices A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  16. AGP slot and PCI slots A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  17. BIOS on the Motherboard and Other Circuit Boards • Motherboard contains vital ROM chip that contains basic input/output system (BIOS) • Startup BIOS (used to start the computer) • System BIOS (used by the OS to manage simple devices) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  18. Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) • Power-saving feature • Allows system to be powered up by external device such as a keyboard • Supported by Windows 9x and 2000/XP • Supported by most recent motherboard BIOS A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  19. Plug and Play • Makes hardware device installations easier • Plug and Play BIOS begins process of configuring hardware devices • Plug and Play OS uses information from the BIOS to complete hardware configuration • Windows 9x and Windows 2000/XP support Plug and Play • Windows NT does not A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  20. Plug and Play BIOS A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  21. CMOS Setup Chip • Contains very small amount of memory adequate to hold computer configuration information • Responsible for remembering • Current date and time • Which hard and floppy drives are present • How serial and parallel ports are configured, etc. A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  22. CMOS Setup Chip (continued) • Retains its data even when computer is turned off • Program to change CMOS is stored in ROM BIOS A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  23. Primary Storage and Secondary Storage • Secondary storage devices • Store data and instructions permanently • To be processed, data and instructions must be copied from secondary storage to memory • Common devices: hard drives, floppy disk drives, CD-ROM drives, DVD drives, and Zip drives • Primary storage (memory) • Holds data and instructions temporarily A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  24. A Hard Drive Subsystem A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  25. Hard Drives and Other Secondary Storage Devices • Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) standards govern how hard drives work • Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE) standards govern how secondary devices interface with a system A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  26. Hard Drives and Other Secondary Storage Devices (continued) • Most motherboards have EIDE connections for two cables (primary and secondary) • Each cable can connect two devices for a total of four devices in one system A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  27. How an Operating System Works • An OS Manages Files and Folders • An OS Manages Applications • An OS Manages Hardware • BIOS and Device Drivers Use System Resources A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  28. An OS Manages Files and Folders • OS uses a file system to organize files and folders on secondary storage • Windows uses: • FAT or FAT16 (File Allocation Table) • FAT32 (Most recent version of FAT16) • NTFS (New Technology File System) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  29. Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters • Tracks are concentric circles on the surface of a disk • A Sectors is a segment of a track • A Cluster: • is made up of one or more sectors • is the smallest unit of space on a disk for data storage A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  30. Tracks, Sectors, and Clusters(continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  31. Files and Directories • Every OS manages a hard drive by using directories, subdirectories, and files • A directory table is a list of files and subdirectories • The root directory is created when a hard drive is first installed and formatted • For drive C, the root directory is written as C:\ A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  32. Hard Drive File Organization A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  33. Partitions and Logical Drives on a Hard Drive • A hard drive is divided into one or more partitions • Primary partition, usually C: • Only one extended partition permitted A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  34. Extended Partition • Can have one or more logical drives (or volumes) • Each logical drive formatted with its own file system • Each logical drive has its own root directory and subdirectories A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  35. Organization of a Hard Drive A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  36. An OS Manages Applications • The OS installs and runs application software • An application depends on an OS to: • Provide access to hardware resources • Manage its data in memory • Manage its data in secondary storage • Perform other background tasks A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  37. Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  38. Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop(continued) • Use a shortcut • Use the Start menu • Use the Run command • Use Windows Explorer or My Computer A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  39. Loading Application Software Using the Windows Desktop(continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  40. Real (16-Bit) and Protected (32-Bit) Operating Modes • Real Mode • Applications have complete access to hardware A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  41. Real (16-Bit) and Protected (32-Bit) Operating Modes (continued) • Protected Mode • OS controls how application can access hardware • More than one program can run at a time and each is “protected” from other programs accessing hardware • Enables preemptive multitasking, in which the OS allots CPU time to application for specified time period and then preempts the processing A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  42. 16-Bit and 32-Bit Software • 16-bit Windows software • Written for Windows 3.x • Accesses data 16 bits at a time • Each program written so that it should not infringe on resources of other applications running • 32-bit software • Written for Windows 95 and later A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  43. An OS Manages Hardware • Device drivers or BIOS • Operating system • Application software A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  44. An OS Manages Hardware (continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  45. How an OS Uses Device Drivers • Device drivers are designed to interface with specific hardware devices • Usually written for a particular OS and need to be rewritten for use with another • OS provides some device drivers • Device manufacturer provides others A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  46. How an OS UsesDevice Drivers (continued) • Windows 95 and Windows 98 • 16-bit real mode device drivers • 32-bit protected mode device drivers • Windows Me, Windows NT/2000/XP • Only 32-bit protected mode device drivers A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  47. How an OS UsesDevice Drivers (continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  48. Device Drivers Under Windows 2000/XP • Always check hardware compatibility list (HCL) www.microsoft.com/whdc/hcl/search.mspx • Check manufacturer’s Web site for updated device drivers • It’s best to use the latest driver available A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  49. Device Drivers Under Windows 2000/XP (continued) A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

  50. Device Drivers Under Windows 9x • OS comes with 32-bit device drivers for hundreds of hardware devices • Some older hardware may need to use 16-bit real mode device drivers • Loaded by entries in Config.sys, Autoexec.bat, and System.ini A+ Guide to Software: Managing, Maintaining and Troubleshooting, Third Editions

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