Chapter 19 Medicines and Drugs

1. Chapter 19Medicines and Drugs

2. Types of Medicines Medicines are classified based on how they work in your body. People use medicines to help restore their health when they are ill.

3. Types of Medicines Drugs are effective in treating illness when taken as directed by a physician or according to the label instructions. Drugs

4. Where Do Drugs Come From? • All contain • Before, drugs came from natural resources (, , ) • Now created by scientists in labs • Can or drugs

5. Types of Medicines All medicines are drugs, but not all drugs are medicines. Medicines

6. Drugs as Medicines • To be a medicine, a drug must have the following qualities: 1) 2) 3)

7. Standards for Medicines Medicines are regulated to make them safe. All new medicines in the United States must meet standards set by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

8. Standards for Medicines • Drug manufacturers test new medicines according to. • That includes completing at leastclinical trials in which the drug is tested onvolunteers.

9. Standards for Medicines • Sometimes, if a drug hasn’t yet completed clinical trials but is thought to be effective, people with life-threatening illnesses are allowed to use the drug. • This usage is referred to as.

10. Prescription Medicines A licensed pharmacist dispenses prescription medicines. Prescription medicines

11. Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines The FDA considers over-the-counter (OTC) medicines to be safe if they are used as the label directs. over-the-counter (OTC) medicines

12. Types of Medicines Four Categories of Medicines that Treat or Prevent Illness Medicines that fight pathogens that cause disease Medicines that help prevent disease Medicines that manage chronic conditions, help maintain or restore health, and regulate body’s systems Medicines that relieve pain and other symptoms

13. Preventing Disease Today, we have medicines that prevent disease. About 95 percent of children receive vaccines. Vaccines

14. Vaccines • Vaccines contain weakened or deadthat cause the disease. • When injected into your body, the vaccine producesthat fight those pathogens. • Your body also produces that recall how to make these antibodies • This provides you with long lasting protection against these specific pathogens

15. Antitoxins • Antitoxins prevent disease and neutralizethe effects of. • Antitoxinsthe bacteria that produce substances toxic to the.

16. Antibiotics are a class of drug that disease-causing microorganisms, called . • Antibiotics work either by killing harmfulin the body or bybacteria from reproducing.

17. Antibiotics • The bacteria that antibiotics kill have adapted to the drug over time. • Bacteria can develop a resistance to antibiotics when antibiotics are overused.

18. Antibiotics • If you do not finish taking all of a prescription, you may not kill all of the bacteria. • The remaining bacteria may develop a resistance, or immunity, to treatment.

19. Antibiotics • If you do not finish taking all of a prescription, you may not kill all of the bacteria. • The remaining bacteria may develop a resistance, or immunity, to treatment.

20. Antivirals and Antifungals • are used to treat some viral illnesses • They suppress the virus, but do not kill it. Like bacteria,can develop a resistance to medications.

21. Antivirals and Antifungals • Fungi are another type ofthat can infect the body. Antifungals • Can or kill fungus cells • such asand

22. Relieving Pain • The most commonly used medicines are, or pain relievers. • Range from relatively medicines (aspirin) to narcotics (opium based – morphine & codeine) • Aspirin is used to pain & fever • Other analgesics fight inflammation, or redness, swelling, and pain

23. Pain Reliever Dependence • Certain types of medicines that relieve pain can be. • These medicines, usually called, require a doctor’s prescription.

24. Managing Chronic Conditions Some medicines are used tochronic conditions. These medicines: • offer people with chronic diseases a higher level of wellness.

25. Allergy Medicines Antihistamines • reduce allergy symptoms such as sneezing, itchy or watery eyes, and a runny nose. They block the chemicals released by the that cause an allergic response.

26. Antidepressant and Antipsychotic Medicines • Medications can also help people suffering from mental illnesses. • These medicines can helpbrain chemistry, or stabilize moods • Mood,, schizophrenia

27. Cancer Treatment Medicines These medicines can reduce rapid cell growth and help stop the spread of cancer cells. • chemicals to kill fast growing cancer cells • uses body’s immune system to fight cancer cells

28. Body-Regulating Medicines Diabetes Medicines Regulate the amount of sugar in the blood. Asthma Medicines Control symptoms and prevent attacks. Cardiovascular Medicines Regulate functions of the cardiovascular system.

29. Taking Medications Medicines enter the body in a variety of ways. • Factors that determine how a medicine is taken: • how it will most quickly and effectively help a person.

30. Taking Medications Taken by mouth Applied to the skin Delivered in a fine mist or powder Delivered through a shot

31. Medicine Labels Ingredient that treats condition, including amount per unit Substances added to the product that do not help treat the condition, such as flavor and color Conditions or symptoms treated by the product Expiration Date The date you should no longer use the medicine Product category and what the product is supposed to do, such as antacid Side effects, interactions, when to talk to a doctor, when not to take the product, keep out of reach of children Other information may be printed on the opposite side of the label Other Information and Directions

32. Medicine Labels Prescription medicine labels also include this information. • Special instructions for taking the medicine • The prescribing doctor’s name • The patient’s name • The pharmacy’s name and address • The date the prescription was filled • The prescription number • Whether refills are allowed

33. Medicine Labels This is an example of a medicine label for an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine.

34. Medicine Misuse Taking medicines unnecessarily or without following the label instructions is dangerous. Medicine misuse can prevent the user from getting the full benefit of the medicine.

35. Medicine Misuse Medicine misuse can have serious health consequences. Medicine misuse

36. Medicine Misuse Examples of Medicine Misuse • Failing to follow the instructions on or in the package • Giving a prescription medicine to a person for whom it was not prescribed, or taking another person’s medicine • Taking too much or too little of a medicine • Taking a medicine for a longer or shorter period than prescribed or recommended • Discontinuing use of a medicine without informing your health care provider • Mixing medicines without the knowledge or approval of your health care provider

37. Medicine Abuse Medicine abuse is dangerous and illegal. Medicine abuse

38. Medicine Abuse One danger of medicine misuse is drug overdose. Drug overdose

39. Reactions to Medications The effect of medicine depends on many factors. Medicines can have a variety of effects.

40. Reactions to Medications Some side effects may be mild, such as drowsiness, but others may be more severe, and can even cause death. Side effects

41. Medicine Interactions • When or more medicines are taken together, or when a medicine is taken with certain foods • Combination may have a different then what the medication is intended to do

42. Medicine Interactions Types of Medicine Interactions

43. Medicine Interactions One example of an additive interaction is when an anti-inflammatory and a muscle relaxant are prescribed to treat joint pain. Additive interaction

44. Medicine Interactions When one medicine increases the strength of another it is a synergistic effect. Synergistic effect

45. Medicine Interactions When one medicine decreases the strength of another it is an antagonistic interaction. Antagonistic interaction

46. Tolerance and Withdrawal condition in which the body becomes used to the effect of a medicine. occurs when a person stops using a medicine on which he or she has become physiologically dependent.